Three species of Candelariella in western North America, characterized by biatorine apothecia, are treated. Two new species are described, C. biatorina and C. lichenicola. Candelariella biatorina is a corticolous species growing in montane conifer forests in western North America. Candelariella lichenicola, described from northwestern Mexico, is a lichenicolous fungus that lacks an independent thallus and the apothecia develop on the thallus of Candelina submexicana. The third species, C. subdeflexa, is a rare species on bark in Arizona, Colorado and Utah in western North America. Macroconidia are described in the Candelariaceae for the first time in C. biatorina. In C. subdeflexa conidia are borne externally on the lower side of the thallus squamules. The distribution of the three species in western North America is mapped.

Six species of Candelariella with polysporous asci are recognized from western North America. The species are: C. borealis sp. nov., C. efflorescens, C. lutella, C. placodizans, C. vitellina and C. xanthostigma. Candelariella vitellina is lectotypified. A key to the polysporous species in western North America is provided and their distribution in the study area is mapped.

This paper treats 12 Candelariella species occurring in western North America characterized by having lecanorine apothecia and 8-spored asci. Six new names are proposed: C. aggregata, C. californica, C. complanata, C. corallizoides, C. deppeanae and C. immarginata. Candelariella terrigena and C. deflexa are treated as synonyms of C. citrina and C. aurella, respectively. Candelariella kansuensis is newly reported from North America. Distribution maps for western North America are presented for all species. Candelariella citrina, C. rosulans and C. terrigena are lectotypified. A key to Candelariella in western North America is presented.

We used rope techniques to access epiphyte communities on nine large and structurally complex redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens) occupying old-growth forest reserves of northwestern California. All species of epiphytic lichens, bryophytes and vascular plants were recorded, biomass of dominant vascular epiphytes (Polypodium scouleri and Vaccinium ovatum) was quantified, and tree crowns were mapped to estimate substrate surface areas. We employed a flexible, plot-based sampling regime defined by available microhabitats within height strata to search for epiphytes. All substrates were examined, including tree surfaces, canopy soils and perennially exposed surfaces of epiphytic vascular plants as well as forest floor vegetation, woody debris and terrestrial soils beneath the redwood crowns. Combined arboreal and terrestrial search efforts revealed 282 species, including 183 lichens, 50 bryophytes and 49 vascular plants. Beta diversities for plots aggregated by floristic group, stratum and substrate type were generally high, indicating a large proportion of infrequent species. Indirect ordination analysis suggested that an environmental gradient from exposed to sheltered habitats was the strongest factor controlling epiphyte community structure. Floristic groups, strata and substrates were highly segregated along the dominant compositional gradient. Chlorolichens, upper crown strata and redwood foliage occupied one end, while vascular plants, forest floor strata and terrestrial woody debris occupied the other end of the gradient. Indicator Species Analyses revealed that many species expressed affinities for particular substrates, including live vs. dead foliage, bark of small vs. large branches and limbs, bark of upper vs. lower surfaces of large limbs, bark of large trunks, bare wood, bryophyte mats, soils, non-redwood stems and terrestrial woody debris. Cluster Analysis identified seven groups of species with similar patterns of distribution across height strata and substrate types. Correlations between tree structure and species distribution suggested that structural complexity promoted epiphyte diversity within height strata. Surface areas of small live trunks, limbs and dead trunks were the best predictors of lichen species richness, Polypodium scouleri biomass and Vaccinium ovatum biomass, respectively. At least one new species (Calicium sp. nov.) was discovered, and two species (Buxbaumia piperi, Icmadophila ericetorum) normally restricted to terrestrial habitats were found as canopy epiphytes for the first time.

The pattern of gemma/gemmaling ontogeny in the liverwort Cavicularia densa is described from its origin as a primordium within the gemma chamber to the formation of a juvenile gametophyte. Data were obtained from field-grown and axenically cultured plants using a combination of light and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The developmental pattern is characterized by the production of a discoid to ellipsoid, stalked gemma composed of distinct tiers of cells, the central rows of which terminate in latently generative margin cells which originate the occasion of plantlet formation. Gemmaling production results from a generative cell (either an adult apical cell, or a gemmaling initial that transitions into an adult apical cell) that arises from a lateral terminal cell subsequent to quadrant formation. Ultimately, the juvenile gametophyte typical of Cavicularia is produced through the activity of an adult cuneate apical cell. Throughout juvenile gametophyte production, subsequent repetitions of select combinations of primary division sequences along with cytological modifications may continue in the gemma proper. Comparisons with the pattern of receptacular gemma/gemmaling development in Blasia reveal that the fundamental pattern of ontogeny within the Blasiales composes the construction of a tiered gemma bearing latently, generative lateral margin cells and a quadrant system containing the production of a wedge-shaped generative cell responsible for gemmaling construction and ultimately the formation of a juvenile gametophyte through adult merophyte development.

Lejeunea huctumalcensis (Lejeuneaceae), a species widely distributed in the Neotropics, is characterized by the presence of ocelli in leaf lobes, innovations of lejeuneoid- and pycnolejeuneoid-type, perianths with five entire to ramified laciniae and vegetative reproduction via regenerants and caducous leaves. The species is a member of Lejeunea subgenus Otigoniolejeunea. Lejeunea acanthotis, L. schizotis, L. xiphotis and Ceratolejeunea dussiana are proposed as new synonyms of L. huctumalcensis. The relation of this species to Ceratolejeunea and other genera is discussed. Lejeunea huctumalcensis is described and illustrated.

Microstelium hyalinum Pat. and Acrospermum puiggarii Speg., established as non-lichenized fungi in 1899 and 1919, respectively, are conspecific with Gomphillus ophiosporus Kalb & Vězda, a muscicolous lichen described in 1988, widespread and common throughout the Neotropics. This is another example where crustose lichens with reduced thallus morphology have been mistaken for non-lichenized fungi hidden in often obscure and barely known fungal genera, with epithets that have priority over well-established lichen names. The options of conservation or rejection of names are inappropriate to solve this problem, since names currently in use can only be conserved against those rejected at the same time, and each discovery of an earlier epithet requires a conservation and rejection proposal [ICBN Art. 14.4]. Alternative solutions would be conserving names over unlisted synonyms, as currently possible for spermatophyte and bryophyte families [ICBN Art. 14.5], or automatically conserving names in current use under specific conditions as practiced in zoological nomenclature [ICZN Art. 23.9]. Since these options are currently unavailable for species names in botanical nomenclature, and a conservation proposal according to ICBN Art. 14.4 would have little chance of success, the new combination Gomphillus hyalinus (Pat.) Lücking, Kalb & Vězda is introduced.

The life and work of Ukrainian lichenologist, Maria F. Makarevych (=Makarevich) are summarized at the 100^th anniversary of her birth.

The new lichen species Lecanora crassithallina, characterized by a thick, areolate thallus and abundant macropycnidia with short, bacilliform macroconidia, is described from northern Mexico. The new species belongs to the Lecanora saligna group and is most related to L. albellula, L. coniferarum and L saligna.

The lichen Bacidia lobarica Printzen & Tønsberg is described as new to science. Within the genus Bacidia the species is unique in being completely leprose and in producing the depsidone lobaric acid. Bacidia lobarica is so far only known from the southern Appalachians and the Piedmont of North Carolina where it is corticolous on hardwoods.

A new species, Heterodermia neglecta, is described to accommodate material from eastern North America and eastern Asia previously referred to Heterodermia propagulifera.

Meinungeria mouensis is described as a new genus and species of the Lepidoziaceae from New Caledonia. The new taxon is characterized by white to light green, worm-like, creeping, nearly leafless stems. It differs from all other genera of the Lepidoziaceae in its unique stem anatomy and in the presence of reduced leaves and underleaves composed of 3–4 radially arranged single cells. The transverse section of the stem is composed of a large-celled echlorophyllose hyaloderm (of 9–11 cells with thickened radial walls becoming thicker from the inner to the outer side) surrounding a single layer of 8–9 smaller, thin-walled, chlorophyllose cells and a central strand of 5–7 echlorophyllose, thick-walled cells with yellowish to light brown walls.

The species were found on open soil in maquis vegetation on ultrabasic substrates in the southeastern part of the island.

A new moss species, Grimmia milleri Hastings & Greven, is described from the mountainous parts of northeastern North America from the Adirondacks, New York to Maine. It has a unique combination of characters that in part otherwise defines two unrelated species of Grimmia, G. donniana and G. incurva. It is autoicous, with straight setae and smooth capsules like G. donniana, but the leaves are contorted and linear-lanceolate like G. incurva. Grimmia milleri is compared with G. afroincurva. The latter species is taken out of synonymy with G. incurva and G. fuscolutea and recognized here as a valid species.

A new Bartramia species, B. bellolioella, is described from Arauco and Ñuble provinces in the Bío-Bío Region of south-central Chile. The species belongs to section Vaginella Müll. Hal. It is closely related to the widespread B. ithyphylla Brid. and more distantly related to B. deciduaefolia Broth. & Yasuda from East Asia. Distinctive features of the species include its small size and spreading stem leaves that have enlarged, sheathing bases. Although sterile, B. bellolioella reproduces asexually by means of deciduous, linear-lanceolate leaves that lack sheathing bases. The deciduous leaves are produced at the stem apices or on whole plants.

Pleuridium mexicanum is hereby reported for the first time for the U.S.A. from the Santa Ynez Mountains in Santa Barbara County, California. This discovery adds a third species of Pleuridium recorded for California.

A moss fossil in Burmese amber is described as a new genus and species, Vetiplanaxis pyrrhobryoides. Previously the specimen was misidentified as Hypnodendron, based partially on a misinterpretation of laminar areolation. The age of the Burmese amber is Middle Cretaceous, not Eocene as previously believed, making this one of the best preserved and potentially most informative moss fossils known from the Mesozoic. The specimen has morphological affinities to some Bryalean and proto-pleurocarpous groups, but cannot be securely placed in any extant family.

We sampled epiphytic macrolichen communities on tree branches in 50 Pinus contorta peatlands in southeastern Alaska. We describe the natural range of variability in lichen communities in these habitats under baseline air quality and climatological conditions and interpreted how lichen community gradients related to site characteristics, tree characteristics and vascular vegetation. The most striking feature of this data set is the uniformity of species composition. Almost three-fourths of the variation was represented in an ordination axis related to variation in total lichen abundance and species richness, but without any strong gradients in the compositional mix of species. Species richness and total lichen abundance were most strongly related to geographic variables, in particular, lower values near Yakutat and the southern part of the study area. The weak compositional gradients, the small trees, their open-grown form and abundance of lichen-covered branches at a convenient height make the lichen communities ideal for biomonitoring of air quality and climate change.

The extant members of the earliest diverging pleurocarpous moss lineages comprise few species but span a wide range of structural and molecular diversity, most of it restricted to temperate and high-altitude tropical forests in the Southern Hemisphere. We present the most comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study of these lineages to date, based on parsimony and Bayesian analyses of four regions from the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes. In addition to corroborating the findings of parsimony methods in this and previous studies, the results of heterogeneous Bayesian analyses provide strong support for sub-topologies that are also consistently found under parsimony, but are rarely well supported. Careful model specification and investigation of potential sources of error increase confidence in the Bayesian results, which provide the basis for a substantially revised classification reflecting the best currently available hypothesis of evolutionary history. The genera previously classified in the Rhizogoniaceae, together with Orthodontium, Orthodontopsis, Aulacomnium and Calomnion, are recognized in three families, the Orthodontiaceae, Rhizogoniaceae and Aulacomniaceae, and three monofamilial orders, the Orthodontiales ord. nov., Rhizogoniales and Aulacomniales ord. nov. Many of the species previously recognized in Hypnodendron are placed in Sciadocladus, Touwiodendron gen. nov., Dendro-hypnum or Mniodendron. These genera, with the exception of Sciadocladus, are placed in the Hypnodendraceae together with Spiridens, Franciella, Cyrtopus and Bescherellia. Braithwaitea is excluded from the Hypnodendraceae and recognized in the monogeneric Braithwaiteaceae fam. nov., while Sciadocladus is placed with Pterobryella and Cyrtopodendron in the Pterobryellaceae. The Hypnodendraceae, Pterobryellaceae, Braithwaiteaceae and Racopilaceae are recognized in the order Hypnodendrales comb. et stat. nov. We discuss the advantages and limitations of ranked classification systems and propose the abandonment of intercalated Linnaean ranks between order and class levels in Bryopsida. Three node-based informal names, the Pleurocarpids, the Core Pleurocarps and the Homocostate pleurocarps, are defined to represent evolutionarily significant clades within the pleurocarpous group.

Archer, Alan. 2006. The lichen family Graphidaceae in Australia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 94: 1–191, 135 figures, 1 map, 23 × 14 cm. Berlin & Stuttgart: J. Cramer. [ISBN-13 978‐3‐443‐58073‐5; ISBN-10 3‐443‐58073‐4; ISSN 1436‐1698]. Price €68.00 shipping and postage (softcover). Available from:  http://www.schweitzerbart.de/.

McCune, B. & R. Rosentreter. 2007. Biotic soil crust lichens of the Columbia Basin. Monographs in North American Lichenology 1: 1–105. Pbk. $30.00. Fully illustrated in color. [ISBN-10: 0‐9790737‐0‐7 (paperback); ISBN-13: 978‐0‐9790737‐0‐0 (hard cover edition)]. Available from the Northwest Lichenologists website:  http://www.nwlichens.org

Hill, David J. (ed.). 2006. Surveying and Report Writing for Lichenologists. The British Lichen Society, London. 53 iv pp. [ISBN 0 9540418 7 9]. Price £15.00 (£10.00 to BLS members). Purchases in U.S. dollars can be made through the BLS Regional Treasurer (U.S.), Dr. J. W. Hinds, <jwhplh@earthlink.com> with U.S. Dollar rates double the Sterling rate.

Malcolm, B. & N. Malcolm. 2006. Mosses and Other Bryophytes—An Illustrated Glossary. 2^nd Edition. 336 pp., with color photographs, space-filling models of organic compounds, paintings and line drawings. Micro-Optics Press, Nelson, New Zealand. [ISBN 0‐958224‐7‐9 hardcover]. Price NZ$98.00 shipping. Available from: Manaaki Whenua Press, P.O. Box 40, Lincoln 8152, Canterbury, New Zealand. See web-site,  www.mwpress.co.nz, for details.