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KEYWORDS: agriculture, Anas rubripes, Anas platyrhynchos, Anas crecca, Aythya collaris, Branta canadensis, helicopter survey, population trends, agriculture, Anas rubripes, Anas platyrhynchos, Anas crecca, Aythya collaris, Branta canadensis, inventaires aériens, tendances démographiques
Anas rubripes (American Black Duck) has received much attention over the years as a popular game bird species that experienced historical declines on its wintering grounds. Declines may be due to changes in the quality and quantity of breeding habitat, competition with A. platyrhynchos (Mallard), or both. Although the A. rubripes population has stabilized, spatial variation in regional population trends of A. rubripes on their breeding grounds can provide insight into the relative importance of these alternative hypotheses at provincial and local scales. We analyzed indicated breeding pairs count data collected in Ontario between 1996 and 2019 through the Eastern Waterfowl Survey to evaluate the correlation in breeding densities and trends of the 5 most abundant waterfowl species. We also tested whether habitat and anthropogenic disturbance variables could explain the distribution of those species. Overall, A. platyrhynchos breeding pair densities increased across the survey area, whereas A. rubripes breeding pair densities decreased in the southern and northern part of the survey area but remained stable in the central part. Densities of breeding pairs of A. rubripes and A. platyrhynchos were negatively correlated across survey plots but the trends in breeding densities were not correlated. Densities of A. platyrhynchos breeding pairs increased in human altered landscapes, whereas the density of A. rubripes breeding pairs was negatively correlated with agriculture. Our results suggest that A. platyrhynchos did not competitively exclude A. rubripes on the breeding grounds, but instead, A. rubripes were replaced by A. platyrhynchos following encroachment of agriculture into A. rubripes breeding habitat. Habitat management plans focused on breeding A. rubripes should emphasize reduction in the expansion of anthropogenic perturbations and increases in habitat conservation efforts in the central area of the breeding range in Ontario.
LAY SUMMARY
We investigated causes of Anas rubripes (American Black Duck) population decline in Ontario. We used data collected from helicopter surveys during their breeding season.
The decline in breeding A. rubripes was not correlated with an increase in breeding Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard) in the region.
Instead, the density of breeding A. platyrhynchos increased with human disturbance, whereas breeding A. rubripes avoided human disturbance, especially in areas with more agriculture.
Taken together, our results indicated that A. rubripes population declined in Ontario because humans have changed the landscape, rather than because of direct competition with A. platyrhynchos.
Anas rubripes a fait l'objet d'une grande attention au fil des ans en tant que gibier à plumes populaire qui a connu des déclins historiques dans ses aires d'hivernage. Ce déclin peut être dû à des changements dans la qualité et la quantité de l'habitat de nidification, à la concurrence avec Anas platyrhynchos, ou aux deux. Bien que la population d'Anas rubripes se soit stabilisée, les variations spatiales des tendances régionales de la population d'Anas rubripes sur son aire de reproduction peut donner un aperçu de l'importance relative de ces hypothèses alternatives à l'échelle provinciale et locale. Nous avons analysé les données de couples nicheurs indiqués recueillies en Ontario entre 1996 et 2019 dans le cadre du Relevé de la sauvagine de l'Est afin d'évaluer la corrélation entre les densités de reproduction et les tendances de population de cinq espèces de sauvagines. Nous avons également vérifié si les variables relatives à l'habitat et aux perturbations anthropiques pouvaient expliquer la répartition de ces espèces. Dans l'ensemble, les densités de couples nicheurs d'Anas platyrhynchos ont augmenté dans la zone d'étude, tandis que les densités de couples nicheurs d'Anas rubripes ont diminué dans les parties sud et nord de la zone d'étude, mais sont restées stables dans la partie centrale. Les densités de couples reproducteurs d'Anas rubripes et d'Anas platyrhynchos étaient négativement corrélées dans les parcelles d'inventaires mais les tendances dans les densités de couples reproducteurs n'étaient pas corrélées. Les densités de couples reproducteurs d'Anas platyrhynchos ont augmenté dans les paysages modifiés par l'homme, tandis que la densité de couples reproducteurs d'Anas rubripes était négativement corrélée à l'agriculture. Nos résultats suggèrent qu'Anas platyrhynchos n'a pas exclu Anas rubripes des aires de reproduction par compétition, mais qu'Anas rubripes a été remplacé par Anas platyrhynchos à la suite de l'empiètement de l'agriculture sur l'habitat de reproduction d'Anas rubripes. Les plans de gestion d'habitat de reproduction d'Anas rubripes devraient viser la réduction des perturbations anthropogéniques et à augmenter les efforts de conservation de l'habitat dans la zone centrale de son aire de reproduction en Ontario.
Grasslands have been reduced as a result of conversion to agriculture and other anthropogenic uses. Consequently, grassland migrant birds may have limited options for migration stopover. In addition, the simple presence of birds in grassland fragments during migration periods does not imply that the habitat is providing the food resources necessary for birds to replenish fat stores and continue migration. We examined (1) the diversity of birds using grasslands during migration stopovers in southeastern South Dakota and (2) whether a reconstructed prairie can provide the resources necessary for a successful stopover. To accomplish these goals, we conducted line transect surveys on plots dominated by either cool- (primarily non-native) or warm-season (primarily native) grasses and captured birds on a reconstructed tallgrass prairie to determine plasma levels of triglycerides, an indicator of fat deposition, and β-hydroxybutyrate, an indicator of fat depletion. Grassland, woodland/shrub, and habitat generalist bird species were all present in the study grasslands during spring and fall migration seasons. Overall, species-richness tended to be greater at warm-season dominated sites during spring migration, but richness differences between sites varied by year during fall migration. Overall bird densities, however, were roughly similar between the 2 habitat types in both seasons, although some differences for individual bird species occurred. Plasma triglyceride and β-hydroxybutyrate levels of migrant birds using the reconstructed tallgrass prairie were consistent with those from birds in known high-quality stopover habitats. These findings suggest that grasslands that have a diversity of plant species and structural heterogeneity may be important for stopover sites for a variety of migratory birds using grasslands as stopover sites, including declining grassland species. These data further suggest that the creation and management of restored and reconstructed prairies throughout the migratory routes for grassland birds may provide quality stopovers for these species.
LAY SUMMARY
Grasslands are in decline.
During migration, birds stop at sites along the route to rest and refuel before continuing to migrate. However, the presence of birds in a habitat does not necessarily imply that birds are obtaining sufficient food resources needed to continue migration. Measurements of plasma metabolites in the blood can indicate if birds are refueling adequately.
We conducted bird surveys on 2 types of grasslands to determine what species are using grasslands and collected blood samples to examine whether birds are successfully refueling.
We observed bird species associated with grasslands and woodlands on both types of grassland sites during migration seasons.
Plasma metabolite levels were consistent with those from birds in known high-quality stopover sites suggesting that birds are able to refuel successfully to continue migration.
Los pastizales se han reducido como resultado de la conversión para agricultura y otros usos antropogénicos. En consecuencia, las aves migratorias de pastizal pueden tener opciones limitadas para realizar paradas migratorias. Además, la simple presencia de aves en fragmentos de pastizal durante los periodos de migración no implica que el hábitat esté proporcionando los recursos alimentarios necesarios para que las aves repongan sus reservas de grasa y continúen la migración. Examinamos (1) la diversidad de aves que utilizan los pastizales durante la parada migratoria en el sureste de Dakota del Sur y (2) si una pradera reconstruida puede proporcionar los recursos necesarios para una parada migratoria exitosa. Para lograr estos objetivos, realizamos censos de transectos lineales en parcelas dominadas por gramíneas de estación fría (principalmente no nativas) o de estación cálida (principalmente nativas) y capturamos aves en una pradera reconstruida de pastos altos para determinar los niveles plasmáticos de triglicéridos, un indicador de deposición de grasa, y de β-hidroxibutirato, un indicador de agotamiento de grasa. Las especies de aves de pastizal, de bosques/arbustos y de hábitats generalistas estuvieron presentes en los pastizales estudiados durante las temporadas de migración de primavera y otoño. En general, la riqueza de especies tendió a ser mayor en los sitios dominados por gramíneas de estación cálida durante la migración de primavera, pero las diferencias en riqueza entre los sitios variaron entre años durante la migración de otoño. Sin embargo, las densidades generales de aves fueron aproximadamente similares entre los dos tipos de hábitat en ambas estaciones, aunque ocurrieron algunas diferencias para ciertas especies de aves. Los niveles plasmáticos de triglicéridos y de β-hidroxibutirato de las aves migratorias que utilizaron la pradera reconstruida de pastos altos fueron consistentes con los de aves en hábitats conocidos de parada de alta calidad. Estos hallazgos sugieren que los pastizales que tienen una diversidad de especies vegetales y heterogeneidad estructural pueden ser importantes como sitios de parada para una variedad de aves migratorias que utilizan los pastizales como sitios de parada, incluidas las especies de pastizal en declive. Estos datos también sugieren que la creación y gestión de praderas restauradas y reconstruidas a lo largo de las rutas migratorias de las aves de pastizal pueden proporcionar paradas de calidad para estas especies.
Phenotypic plasticity is a vital biological process facilitating the persistence of organisms amid rapid environmental changes. Investigating the genetic basis of plastic traits necessitates transplantation experiments, but much of the existing research has focused on laboratory model systems. Transplant experiments in the wild may provide better understanding of how plasticity operates in the context of real-world challenges. However, performing transplantation experiments in non-model systems, such as birds, could be challenging. In this study, we aim to develop Perdix hodgsoniae (Tibetan Partridge) inhabiting the highlands of the Tibetan Plateau as a suitable system to study genetic basis underlying short-term plastic response to rapid changes in elevation. We did a first attempt of field-based transplantation experiment by exposing P. hodgsoniae individuals to extreme change in elevation from their native elevation (3,623 m) to a low elevation outside their natural distribution range (500 m). We compared changes in gene expression in these birds at different time points, pre-transplant (day 0), and post-transplant (days 3 and 22). The birds successfully survived transplantation and exhibited well-being after 22 days. We identified a total of 715 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across these time points. Our analysis revealed a genome-wide decrease in expression following the transplantation, indicating that the birds possibly exhibited stress-induced transcriptional attenuation (SITA) because of the extreme change in elevation, suggesting a broader response at the transcriptional level, possibly as a mechanism to cope with extreme changes in the environment. Our analysis further suggested that heat stress posed an immediate challenge for the birds following the transplant, as we identified changes in expression in many genes associated with heat stress response. Our findings affirm the viability of conducting transplant experiments in the P. hodgsoniae and provides initial insights into gene expression changes associated with the plastic response to rapid changes in elevation in these birds.
LAY SUMMARY
Our study aimed to develop Perdix hodgsoniae (Tibetan Partridge) as a model for transplant experiments to explore the genetic basis of short-term plastic responses in wild birds.
We relocated these high-altitude birds (3,623 m) to a much lower elevation (500 m), outside their natural range. Over 22 days, we monitored changes in their gene expression and identified 715 genes that responded to the transplant, with most showing reduced activity, likely to manage the stress of the drastic elevation change.
Genes involved in heat stress response showed the most notable changes, suggesting that heat posed an immediate challenge for these birds in the new environment.
Our results confirm the feasibility of using P. hodgsoniae for transplant studies and offer early insights into how gene expression shifts during rapid elevation changes in wild birds.
La plasticidad fenotípica es un proceso biológico vital que facilita la persistencia de los organismos ante cambios ambientales rápidos. Investigar la base genética de los rasgos plásticos requiere experimentos de trasplante, pero gran parte de la investigación existente se ha centrado en sistemas modelo de laboratorio. Los experimentos de trasplante en la naturaleza pueden proporcionar una mejor comprensión de cómo opera la plasticidad en el contexto de desafíos reales. Sin embargo, realizar experimentos de trasplante en sistemas no modelo, como las aves, podría ser un desafío. En este estudio, buscamos desarrollar a Perdix hodgsoniae, que habita en las tierras altas de la meseta tibetana, como un sistema adecuado para estudiar la base genética que subyace a la respuesta plástica a corto plazo frente a cambios rápidos de elevación. Realizamos un primer intento de experimento de trasplante en el campo, exponiendo a individuos de P. hodgsoniae a un cambio extremo de elevación, desde su altitud nativa (3.623 m) hasta una altitud baja fuera de su rango de distribución natural (500 m). Comparamos los cambios en la expresión génica de estas aves en diferentes momentos, antes del trasplante (Día 0) y después del trasplante (Día 3 y Día 22). Las aves sobrevivieron exitosamente al trasplante y mostraron estar en buen estado después de 22 días. Identificamos un total de 715 genes expresados diferencialmente en estos 3 momentos. Nuestro análisis reveló una disminución generalizada en la expresión genética después del trasplante, lo que indica que las aves posiblemente exhibieron atenuación transcripcional inducida por estrés debido al cambio extremo de elevación, sugiriendo una respuesta más amplia a nivel transcripcional, posiblemente como un mecanismo para afrontar cambios extremos en el ambiente. Nuestro análisis también sugirió que el estrés térmico representó un desafío inmediato para las aves tras el trasplante, ya que identificamos cambios en la expresión de muchos genes asociados con la respuesta al estrés por calor. Nuestros hallazgos confirman la viabilidad de realizar experimentos de trasplante en P. hodgsoniae y proporcionan ideas iniciales sobre los cambios en la expresión génica asociados con la respuesta plástica a cambios rápidos de elevación en estas aves.
Setophaga striata (Blackpoll Warbler), one of the few boreal-breeding migratory birds that migrates to the Orinoco and Amazon regions, is experiencing steep population declines. However, knowledge of the species' distribution and habitat use during the nonbreeding season is limited. Here, we explore how stationary nonbreeding season (December to April) occupancy probabilities vary across regional and landscape scales, and with vegetation structure for S. striata in eastern Colombia. By running single-species, single-season hierarchical occupancy models and N-mixture models, we evaluated how regional (annual precipitation, nonbreeding season precipitation, driest month, elevation, and net primary productivity), landscape (habitat type and % forest in the landscape), and vegetation structure variables influenced occupancy by S. striata. In the regional analysis, occupancy was positively influenced by stationary nonbreeding precipitation and net primary productivity, and was predicted to peak at elevations between 500 and 1,000 m. At the landscape scale, occupancy and abundance were higher in agroforestry systems (in order of magnitude: shade-grown cacao, citrus plantations and silvopastures) than in forested habitats. In relation to vegetation structure, occupancy was negatively correlated with a principal component containing shrub density, canopy height, and canopy cover. Within the Orinoco region, a spatial prediction based on our results supported high occupancy rates in moister areas along and close to the Andean foothills and where the Orinoco grasslands transition into Amazonian forests. Our results highlight the importance of landscapes containing agroforestry systems as stationary nonbreeding habitats for S. striata in Colombia's Orinoco region and the importance of promoting agroforestry systems, like shade-grown cacao, in areas with higher nonbreeding season precipitation and net primary productivity values in order to increase habitat availability for the species.
LAY SUMMARY
The populations of many migratory landbirds are in decline, with declines in Setophaga striata (Blackpoll Warbler) being among the steepest of all. Understanding the reasons for these declines requires knowledge of the factors determining their distribution across the annual cycle.
Here, we explored how the distribution and abundance of S. striata is related to rainfall, plant primary productivity and elevation, as well as habitat type and fine-scale vegetation structure on their nonbreeding grounds in the Orinoco basin of Colombia, to guide the design of appropriate conservation measures.
We found that S. striata prefer areas with higher productivity and rainfall along the Andean foothills and where the Orinoco grasslands transition into Amazonian forests.
Unexpectedly, S. striata were more abundant in agroforestry systems than in native forest, with relative abundances up to four times higher in shade-grown cacao or citrus plantations compared to forest.
Our study highlights the importance of agricultural landscapes for the conservation of migratory landbirds like S. striata. Further studies should focus on how nonbreeding habitat preferences influence reproductive success and population trends.
Setophaga striata, una de las pocas aves migratorias que cría en zonas boreales y migra a las regiones del Orinoco y el Amazonas, está experimentando un marcado declive poblacional. Sin embargo, el conocimiento sobre la distribución y uso de hábitat de la especie durante la temporada no reproductiva es limitado. Aquí, exploramos cómo las probabilidades de ocupación durante la temporada no reproductiva estacionaria (de diciembre a abril) varían a escalas regionales y de paisaje, y con la estructura de la vegetación para S. striata en el este de Colombia. Mediante el uso de modelos jerárquicos de ocupación de una sola especie y una sola temporada, y modelos de mezcla N, evaluamos cómo las variables regionales (precipitación anual, precipitación en la temporada no reproductiva, mes más seco, elevación y productividad primaria neta), de paisaje (tipo de hábitat y porcentaje de bosque en el paisaje) y de estructura de vegetación influyeron en la ocupación de S. striata. En el análisis regional, la ocupación fue influenciada positivamente por la precipitación durante la temporada no reproductiva estacionaria y la productividad primaria neta, y se predijo que alcanzaría su punto máximo en elevaciones entre 500 y 1.000 m. A escala de paisaje, la ocupación y abundancia fueron mayores en sistemas agroforestales (en orden de magnitud: cacao cultivado bajo sombra, plantaciones de cítricos y silvopasturas) que en hábitats forestales. En relación con la estructura de la vegetación, la ocupación se correlacionó negativamente con un componente principal que incluye la densidad de arbustos, la altura del dosel y la cobertura del dosel. Dentro de la región del Orinoco, una predicción espacial basada en nuestros resultados respaldó altas tasas de ocupación en áreas más húmedas a lo largo de las estribaciones andinas y donde las sabanas del Orinoco dan paso a los bosques amazónicos. Nuestros resultados resaltan la importancia de los paisajes que contienen sistemas agroforestales como hábitats no reproductivos estacionarios para S. striata en la región del Orinoco de Colombia, y la importancia de promover sistemas agroforestales, como el cacao cultivado bajo sombra, en áreas con mayores valores de precipitación durante la temporada no reproductiva, y valores de productividad primaria neta para aumentar la disponibilidad de hábitat para la especie.
Many populations near receding low-latitude range: margins are declining in response to climate change, but most studies of trailing-edge populations have focused on single species. Using 10 years (2014–2023) of avian survey data from a high-elevation trailing-edge population hotspot in the Appalachian Mountains, USA, we tested the hypothesis that high-elevation communities would experience turnover through thermophilization, as warm-adapted species near the center of their geographic ranges expand into regions formerly dominated by peripheral populations of cool-adapted species. Three of the nine cool-adapted, peripheral populations decreased in abundance, and whereas 6 species exhibited little change. For warm-adapted populations near the core of their range, 1 of 16 decreased in abundance, 11 increased, and 4 exhibited no change. Within the most abundant species in this community, our results indicate that warm-adapted species are expanding their ranges faster than the rate at which ranges of cool-adapted species are contracting. Avoiding future community turnover may require conservation strategies that maintain microclimates for cool-adapted species facing novel abiotic and biotic conditions at high elevations.
LAY SUMMARY
Many populations of cool-adapted species at the edge of their geographic ranges are declining in response to climate change. At the same time, warm-adapted species are expanding their ranges as temperatures increase.
We tested the hypothesis that high-elevation communities would experience greater change in species composition than lower elevation communities, and become increasingly dominated by warm-adapted species.
Within the most abundant species in the community, several peripheral populations declined, whereas the majority of core populations increased or remained stable. The proportion of low elevation sites occupied by rear-edge populations also declined.
Our study suggests that abundant, warm-adapted species are expanding their ranges faster than the rate at which cool-adapted species are contracting. Forest managers should maintain closed canopy forests and dense understory vegetation on north facing slopes to conserve cool-adapted species near the southern edge of their breeding range.
Future research should determine if declines are the result of dispersal or decreasing fitness under changing climate conditions.
Muchas poblaciones cercanas a los márgenes de rango en retroceso en latitudes bajas están disminuyendo en respuesta al cambio climático, pero la mayoría de los estudios sobre poblaciones en el borde de salida se han centrado en especies individuales. Utilizando 10 años (2014-2023) de datos de censos de aves del borde de salida de un punto crítico poblacional en elevaciones altas en las montañas Apalaches, EEUU, evaluamos la hipótesis de que las comunidades de alta elevación experimentarían un cambio a través de la termofilización, ya que las especies adaptadas al calor cercanas al centro de sus rangos geográficos se expanden hacia regiones anteriormente dominadas por poblaciones periféricas de especies adaptadas al frío. Tres de las 9 poblaciones periféricas adaptadas al frío disminuyeron en abundancia, mientras que 6 especies mostraron pocos cambios. En el caso de las poblaciones adaptadas al calor cercanas al núcleo de su rango, 1 de 16 disminuyó en abundancia, 11 aumentaron y 4 no mostraron cambios. Entre las especies más abundantes en esta comunidad, nuestros resultados indican que las especies adaptadas al calor están expandiendo sus rangos más rápidamente que el ritmo al que se están contrayendo los rangos de las especies adaptadas al frío. Evitar un recambio comunitario futuro podría requerir estrategias de conservación que mantengan microclimas para las especies adaptadas al frío que enfrentan nuevas condiciones abióticas y bióticas en elevaciones altas.
To reduce bird collisions with wind turbines, automatic detection systems have been developed to slow the blades down when a bird is approaching. We experimentally tested whether blade rotational speed (i.e., number of rotations per min) and frequency (i.e., number of times a blade passes a point per min) affected the decision time (i.e., time to take-off), path choice (i.e., the position in the aviary), and decision to cross the rotor-swept area in Columba livia domestica (rock dove [domestic variety]; aka homing pigeon; hereafter, pigeon). We used a homemade device with paper blades, mimicking the movement of wind turbine blades. We adjusted the paper blade dimensions and achromatic contrast with the background to match the visual capabilities of pigeons, increasing the probability of detection. Pigeons were less likely to cross the rotor-swept area at higher speeds and frequencies, independent of their decision time. When pigeons crossed the rotor-swept area (43 out of 160 trials), 63% collided with the blades, regardless of blade speed or frequency. Pigeons chose to avoid the rotor-swept area after they had traveled half the distance to the wind turbine. Pigeons were not better able to avoid the rotor-swept area when blades were rotating at low speed and/or frequency and often collided with the blades. Thus, slowing blades to a low rotational speed may not reduce collisions with some species and a complete turbine shutdown may be necessary. The feasibility and economic costs of regular complete shutdowns after the deceleration triggered by the automatic detection systems need further investigation.
LAY SUMMARY
To address bird collisions, automatic detection systems slow down turbine blades based on the assumption that birds adjust their flight paths according to blade speed—information for which there is currently little data.
To help reduce avian collisions with wind turbines, we investigated how rotational speed and frequency of a rotor blade (i.e., paper model) impact the flight paths of Columba livia domestica (homing pigeons [domestic variety of Rock Dove]; aka homing pigeon; hereafter, pigeon) in an aviary setting.
Pigeons were less likely to cross the rotor-swept area at higher blade speed and frequency and were more likely to collide with blades at lower speed or frequency.
Therefore, slowing blades to a low rotational speed may not reduce collisions with some bird species, a complete turbine shutdown would be preferable.
Afin de réduire les collisions des oiseaux avec les éoliennes, des systèmes de détection automatique ont été mis au point pour ralentir les pales lorsqu'un oiseau s'approche. Nous avons testé expérimentalement si la vitesse de rotation des pales (i.e., nombre de rotations par minute) et la fréquence (i.e. nombre de fois qu'une pale passe sur un point par minute) affectaient le temps de décision (i.e. temps avant décollage), le choix de la trajectoire (i.e., position dans la volière) et la décision de traverser la zone balayée par le rotor chez Columba livia domestica (pigeon biset [variété domestique]; alias pigeon voyageur; ci-après, pigeon). Nous avons utilisé un dispositif fait maison avec des pales en papier, imitant le mouvement des pales d'une éolienne. Nous avons ajusté les dimensions des bandes de papier et le contraste achromatique avec l'arrièreplan pour qu'elles correspondent aux capacités visuelles des pigeons, augmentant ainsi la probabilité de détection. Les pigeons étaient moins enclins à traverser la zone balayée par le rotor à des vitesses et des fréquences plus élevées, indépendamment de leur temps de décision. Lorsque les pigeons ont traversé la zone balayée par le rotor (43 essais sur 160), 63 % d'entre eux sont entrés en collision avec les pales, indépendamment de la vitesse ou de la fréquence des pales. Les pigeons ont choisi d'éviter la zone balayée par le rotor après avoir parcouru la moitié de la distance qui les séparaient de l'éolienne. Les pigeons n'étaient pas mieux à même d'éviter la zone balayée par le rotor lorsque les pales tournaient à faible vitesse et/ou fréquence et entraient souvent en collision avec les pales. Ainsi, le ralentissement des pales à une faible vitesse de rotation pourrait ne pas réduire les collisions avec certaines espèces et un arrêt complet de l'éolienne peut s'avérer nécessaire. La faisabilité et le coût économique d'arrêts complets réguliers après la décélération déclenchée par les systèmes de détection automatique doivent faire l'objet d'une étude plus approfondie.
Detecting rare and elusive species from vast wilderness areas poses significant challenges. The Fennoscandian population of Anser erythropus (Lesser White-fronted Goose) is among the most endangered bird populations in Europe, with only 25–30 breeding pairs remaining in Northern Norway. Historically, its former breeding range extended across the mountainous regions of Fennoscandia. Thanks to targeted conservation efforts during the 21st century, A. erythropus has started to recolonize some of its former breeding areas in Norway and possibly also in Finland. Anser serrirostris rossicus (Tundra Bean Goose) is classified as Endangered in Finland, with just a few breeding pairs in northernmost Finnish Lapland with a poorly known breeding range. It breeds in higher numbers in Finnmark Norway and is listed as Vulnerable in Norway. Anser fabalis fabalis (Taiga Bean Goose), classified as Endangered in Norway, can also breed in the same area in low numbers. To locate individuals of these elusive goose species during breeding seasons, we used environmental DNA (eDNA) extracted from filtered lake water from selected lakes in northern Finland. We amplified and sequenced a short region of the mitochondrial control region to identify the species. Additionally, for positive controls, we sampled eDNA from the water of a Finnish spring staging site and known Norwegian breeding sites of the A. erythropus, from which eDNA of the A. erythropus was identified. eDNA of the A. erythropus was not detected within the former Finnish breeding range. Based on this, the A. erythropus has either not recolonized its former breeding habitats in Finland, the correct lakes were not sampled, the eDNA concentration was below detection limits, or due to other methodological issues. Anser s. rossicus was detected in 3 lakes and A. f. fabalis in 10 lakes, providing new information about the breeding distribution of Bean Geese in Finnish Lapland.
LAY SUMMARY
We aimed to locate elusive goose species from Northernmost Finnish Lapland using environmental DNA (eDNA) traces geese leave behind in waterbodies, such as DNA from feces or dead skin cells.
We used water samples to locate individuals of the critically endangered Fennoscandian Anser erythropus (Lesser White-fronted Goose) population.
We used water samples to also locate Anser serrirostris rossicus (Tundra Bean Goose), whose breeding range in Finland is poorly known, and found it in 3 lakes.
We also detected eDNA of Anser fabalis fabalis (Taiga Bean Goose) in 10 lakes in northern Finland.
Our study offers new insights into the breeding range of Bean Geese in Finland and the efficiency of eDNA methodology.
We did not find any A. erythropus eDNA in potential breeding sites, even though this bird had possibly expanded its range to Finland. We positively identified the species from water samples taken in a known Norwegian breeding site.
Detectar especies raras y elusivas en grandes áreas silvestres plantea desafíos significativos. La población fenoscandiana de Anser erythropus se encuentra entre las aves más amenazadas de Europa, con solo 25–30 parejas reproductoras en el norte de Noruega. Históricamente, su área de reproducción se extendía por las regiones montañosas de Fenoscandia. Gracias a esfuerzos de conservación específicos durante el siglo XXI, A. erythropus ha comenzado a recolonizar algunas de sus antiguas áreas de reproducción en Noruega y posiblemente también en Finlandia. Anser serrirostris rossicus está clasificada como En Peligro en Finlandia, con solo unas pocas parejas reproductoras en el norte de la Laponia finlandesa, con un área de reproducción poco conocida. A su vez se reproduce en mayor número en Finnmark, Noruega, y está clasificada como Vulnerable en Noruega. Anser fabalis fabalis, clasificada como En Peligro en Noruega, también puede reproducirse en la misma área en números reducidos. Para localizar individuos de estas especies elusivas de gansos durante las temporadas de reproducción, utilizamos ADN ambiental (ADNa) extraído del agua de lagos seleccionados en el norte de Finlandia. Amplificamos y secuenciamos una región corta de la región de control mitocondrial para identificar las especies. Además, como controles positivos, recolectamos ADNa del agua de un sitio de parada de primavera en Finlandia y de sitios de reproducción conocidos de A. erythropus en Noruega, donde se identificó ADNa de esta especie. No se detectó ADNa de A. erythropus en su antigua área de reproducción en Finlandia. Con base en esto, concluimos que A. erythropus no ha recolonizado sus antiguos hábitats de reproducción en Finlandia, los lagos correctos no fueron muestreados, la concentración de ADNa estaba por debajo de los límites de detección o hubo otros problemas metodológicos. Anser s. rossicus fue detectado en 3 lagos y A. f. fabalis en 10 lagos, proporcionando nueva información sobre la distribución reproductiva de A. fabalis en la Laponia finlandesa.
Bird migration involves the movements of billions of individuals but is difficult to study because it occurs primarily at night. We sought to improve our understanding of the methods available to study migration, particularly in understudied regions of western North America. We evaluated 2 methods: weather radar and nocturnal flight call monitoring. We analyzed variability in estimates of migration activity from each method, how estimates relate, and identified factors associated with variation in this relationship. We collected radar and flight call data from southern New Mexico in western North America during the fall migration of 2021 and 2022. Similar studies have occurred in eastern North America, but it is unknown if regional variability alters the relationship between estimates from each method. We found that estimates were positively related across a season, but relationships were variable among nights. Also, we discovered that the strength of the association between methods varied across sites, indicating that local factors may influence acoustic sampling. We determined that variation in acoustic estimates of migration activity was associated with cloud cover, crosswind, date, migrant height, migrant speed, moon illumination, tailwind, and time of night. For radar, we found crosswind, date, migrant height, migrant speed, tailwind, and time of night to be associated with variations in estimates of migration activity. Overall, our findings support those of previous studies from eastern North America and demonstrate that, despite regional differences, estimates from each method are also correlated in western North America. Our findings provide new insight into factors associated with variation in estimates of migration activity from 2 widely used methods and an improved understanding of factors that impact migration behavior.
LAY SUMMARY
We generated and compared estimates of migration activity quantified by weather radar and acoustic monitoring at 50 and 55 locations at White Sands Missile Range in western North America during the fall migration seasons of 2021 and 2022.
We found a strong positive relationship between estimates of migration activity from each method on a seasonal basis, but the relationships varied significantly from night to night.
Variability in estimates of migration activity was associated with a variety of factors including cloud cover, crosswind, date, migrant height, migrant speed, moon illumination, and time within the night.
Our research corroborates studies conducted in eastern North America which have found positive relationships between estimates of migration activity derived from weather radar and nocturnal flight call monitoring across nights, but not within nights.
Additional research into the factors contributing to variability in individual flight calling behavior is needed to develop a more complete understanding of avian migration behavior.
La migración de aves implica los movimientos de miles de millones de individuos, pero es difícil de estudiar porque ocurre principalmente de noche. Buscamos mejorar el entendimiento de los métodos disponibles para estudiar la migración, particularmente en regiones poco estudiadas del oeste de América del Norte. Evaluamos dos métodos: el radar meteorológico y el monitoreo de llamadas en vuelo nocturnas. Analizamos la variabilidad en las estimaciones de actividad migratoria de cada método, cómo se relacionan las estimaciones, e identificamos factores asociados con la variación en esta relación. Colectamos datos de radar y de llamadas en vuelo del sur de Nuevo México en el oeste de América del Norte durante la migración de otoño de 2021 y 2022. Estudios similares se han realizado en el este de América del Norte, pero se desconoce si la variabilidad regional altera la relación entre las estimaciones de cada método. Encontramos que las estimaciones estaban positivamente relacionadas a lo largo de la temporada, pero las relaciones variaban entre las noches. También descubrimos que la fuerza de la asociación entre los métodos variaba según los sitios, indicando que los factores locales pueden influir en el muestreo acústico. Determinamos que la variación en las estimaciones acústicas de actividad migratoria estaba asociada con la cobertura de nubes, el viento cruzado, la fecha, la altura del migrante, la velocidad del migrante, la iluminación de la luna, el viento a favor y la hora de la noche. Para el radar, encontramos que el viento cruzado, la fecha, la altura del migrante, la velocidad del migrante, el viento a favor y la hora de la noche estaban asociados con la variación en las estimaciones de actividad migratoria. En general, nuestros hallazgos respaldan los de estudios previos del este de América del Norte y demuestran que, a pesar de las diferencias regionales, las estimaciones de cada método también están correlacionadas en el oeste de América del Norte. Nuestros hallazgos brindan una nueva perspectiva sobre los factores asociados con la variación en las estimaciones de actividad migratoria de dos métodos ampliamente utilizados y una mejor comprensión de los factores que afectan el comportamiento migratorio.
An increasing body of evidence has displayed upslope shifts in the high-diversity avian communities of tropical mountains. Such shifts have largely been attributed to warming climates, although their actual mechanisms remain poorly understood. One likely possibility is that changes in species-specific demographic rates underlie elevational range shifts. Fine-scale population monitoring and capture–mark–recapture (CMR) analysis could shed light on these mechanisms, but, until recently, analytical constraints have limited our ability to model multiple demographic rates across bird communities while accounting for transient individuals. Here, we used Bayesian hierarchical multi-species CMR models to estimate the apparent survival, recruitment, and realized population growth rates of 17 bird species along an elevational gradient in the cloud forests of Honduras. For 6 species, we also modeled demographic rates across elevation and time. Although demographic rates varied among species, population growth rates tended to be higher in lower elevation species. Moreover, some species showed higher population growth rates at higher elevations, and elevational differences in growth rates were positively associated with previous estimates of upslope shifts at the study site. We also found that demographic rates showed contrasting trends across the duration of the study, with recruitment decreasing and apparent survival increasing, and stronger effects at lower elevations. Collectively, we provide the methodological tools to encourage more multi-species demographic analyses in other systems, while highlighting the potential for the demographic impacts of global change. We provide a Spanish translation in the Supplementary Materials (duae063_suppl_supplementary_materials.docx).
LAY SUMMARY
Climate change is causing tropical birds to shift to higher elevations but little is known about the population mechanisms underpinning these shifts.
Until now, studies along tropical mountain ranges have been limited by a lack of long-term monitoring data as well as inadequate modeling techniques.
We use Bayesian hierarchical mark–recapture models to estimate avian population parameters across an elevational gradient in Honduras from a 12-year constant effort banding project.
We report baseline population parameters for 17 species, and show variation in those parameters across elevation and time for 6 species, supporting previous evidence of upslope shifts at the site.
Using this analytical framework, we encourage others to analyze population parameters in tropical birds to increase our global picture of life history, and of anthropogenic impacts on demography.
Cada vez hay más pruebas de que las comunidades de aves de alta diversidad en las montañas tropicales han mostrado desplazamientos a zonas de mayor elevación. Estos desplazamientos se han atribuido en gran medida al calentamiento del clima, aunque sus mecanismos siguen siendo poco conocidos. Una posibilidad es que los cambios en las tasas demográficas específicas de cada especie subyazcan a los desplazamientos altitudinales. El monitoreo de poblaciones a pequeña escala y los análisis de captura-marcaje-recaptura (CMR) podrían esclarecer estos mecanismos pero las restricciones analíticas han limitado nuestra capacidad para modelar tasas demográficas múltiples en las comunidades de aves teniendo en cuenta a los individuos transitorios. En esta investigación, utilizamos modelos CMR, jerárquicos, para múltiples especies, en un marco bayesiano para estimar la supervivencia aparente, el reclutamiento y las tasas de crecimiento poblacional realizadas de 17 especies de aves en un gradiente altitudinal en un bosque nuboso de Honduras. Para seis especies, también modelamos las tasas demográficas a través de la elevación y el tiempo. Aunque las tasas demográficas variaron entre especies, las tasas de crecimiento poblacional tendieron a ser más altas en las especies de menor elevación. Además, algunas especies mostraron mayores tasas de crecimiento poblacional a mayores elevaciones, y estas diferencias altitudinales en las tasas de crecimiento se asociaron positivamente con estimaciones previas de desplazamientos a zonas de mayor elevación en la misma área de estudio. También observamos que estas tasas mostraron tendencias opuestas durante el estudio, con una disminución del reclutamiento y un aumento de la supervivencia aparente, siendo estos efectos más fuertes a menor elevación. En conjunto, proporcionamos herramientas metodológicas para fomentar más análisis demográficos multi-especie en otros sistemas y destacamos el potencial de los impactos demográficos del cambio global.
Determining migratory connectivity is essential to understanding population dynamics and managing and conserving migratory species. Gallinago delicata (Wilson's Snipe) is a widely hunted wetland bird distributed throughout North America and parts of South America with little known regarding migratory strategy, connectivity, or population trends. Here, we used stable hydrogen isotope analysis of feathers to identify breeding areas and determine the degree of migratory mixing of 323 G. delicata harvested in Florida during the nonbreeding season. Our results demonstrate a high degree of migratory mixing between breeding and nonbreeding seasons and provide evidence that breeding birds from throughout Canada and the northwestern United States migrate to Florida. We also found evidence of long-distance migration across both latitudinal and longitudinal bands, with 104 individuals traveling from breeding grounds in western Canada or Alaska to nonbreeding habitat in Florida; the farthest-traveling individual likely migrated at least 4,270 km. Our findings highlight the crucial role of active and coordinated monitoring and management of the widely harvested G. delicata, which as long-distance migrants are disproportionately vulnerable to global environmental change.
LAY SUMMARY
Migratory wetland birds face unique pressures from habitat change, harvest, and other human-caused factors.
The degree that populations “mix” between breeding and nonbreeding habitats, and how far individuals travel between those habitats, is important to understand population dynamics and to monitor and manage populations.
We used the chemical signatures in the feathers of Gallinago delicata (Wilson's Snipe) harvested in Florida in the nonbreeding season to determine breeding origins.
Breeding habitat of G. delicata found in Florida extends from eastern Canada to Alaska. Many of the G. delicata we studied may have spent the breeding season in central Canada, an area associated with recent population declines.
Because G. delicata mix widely between breeding and nonbreeding habitats, it is essential to better coordinate monitoring and conservation efforts among stakeholder agencies.
Determinar la conectividad migratoria es esencial para comprender la dinámica poblacional y gestionar y conservar las especies migratorias. Gallinago delicata es un ave de humedales ampliamente cazada, distribuida por América del Norte y partes de América del Sur, sobre la cual se sabe poco en cuanto a estrategia migratoria, conectividad o tendencias poblacionales. Aquí, utilizamos el análisis de isótopos estables de hidrógeno en plumas para identificar áreas de reproducción y determinar el grado de migración mixta de 323 individuos de G. delicata cazados en Florida durante la temporada no reproductiva. Nuestros resultados demuestran un alto grado de migración mixta entre las temporadas reproductivas y no reproductivas, y proporcionan evidencia de que aves reproductoras de todo Canadá y el noroeste de Estados Unidos migran a Florida. También encontramos evidencia de migración de muy larga distancia a través de bandas latitudinales y longitudinales, con 104 individuos viajando desde lugares de cría en el oeste de Canadá o Alaska hasta hábitats no reproductivos en Florida; el individuo que viajó más lejos probablemente migró al menos 4.270 km. Nuestros hallazgos resaltan el papel crucial del monitoreo y la gestión activa y coordinada de G. delicata, que, como migrantes de larga distancia, son desproporcionadamente vulnerables al cambio ambiental global.
Ammospiza nelsoni subvirgata (Acadian subspecies of Nelson's Sparrow) breeds in saltmarsh from northern Massachusetts to New Brunswick and eastern Quebec. In the Canadian Maritimes, this subspecies also successfully breeds in diked agricultural lands (i.e., “dikeland”) that were originally created by Acadian settlers in the 1600s. Little is known about the reasons for or consequences of using dikeland for breeding. To fill this knowledge gap, we tracked male and female sparrows, and monitored nest fates in natural saltmarsh and human-made dikeland habitats. We collected fecal samples from adults and nestlings to examine which habitat type they were foraging in, and we also quantified vegetative cover. We hypothesized that flood risk in saltmarsh played an important role in the decision of A. n. subvirgata to nest in dikeland given that the saltmarsh is regularly inundated with tidal water. Based on nest monitoring, we estimated higher overall nest success in dikeland than saltmarsh. Fecal sample analysis showed distinct differences in diet between individuals using dikeland compared with saltmarsh. We also observed differences in vegetation. These results suggest that A. n. subvirgata are able to take advantage of readily available human-made habitats for breeding. With rising sea levels and increased storm events threatening coastal habitats, it is important to understand whether coastal-breeding birds can adapt to changes and what trade-offs exist for individuals who shift to alternative habitats.
LAY SUMMARY
Ammospiza nelsoni subvirgata (Acadian subspecies of Nelson's Sparrow) breeds in saltmarsh from northern Massachusetts to New Brunswick and eastern Quebec and is often considered to be a “saltmarsh specialist,” but in the Canadian Maritimes, this subspecies also successfully breeds in diked agricultural lands.
We investigated how and why A. n. subvirgata use dikeland for breeding habitat compared with saltmarsh by tracking their movements, examining their diets via fecal samples, monitoring their nests, and measuring vegetation in the 2 habitats.
We found that most individuals used mostly saltmarsh during the breeding season, and few individuals used mostly dikeland.
We also found that females that nested in dikeland had a higher chance of their nest being successful than those that nested in saltmarsh.
Our results suggest that A. n. subvirgata are able to take advantage of readily available human-made habitat for breeding.
Ammospiza nelsoni subvirgata se reproduit dans les marais salants du nord du Massachusetts au Nouveau-Brunswick et dans l'est du Québec. Dans les provinces maritimes canadiennes, cette sous-espèce se reproduit également avec succès dans des terres agricoles endiguées (dikelands), créées à l'origine par les colons acadiens dans les années 1600. On sait peu de choses sur les raisons ou les conséquences d'utilizer ces terres agricoles endiguées pour se reproduire. Pour combler cette lacune dans les connaissances, nous avons suivi des mâles et des femelles d'A. n. subvirgata, et nous avons surveillé le devenir des nids dans des marais salants naturels et des habitats de terres agricoles endiguées artificielles. Nous avons recueilli des échantillons fécaux d'adultes et d'oisillons afin de déterminer le type d'habitat dans lequel ils s'alimentaient, et nous avons aussi quantifié la couverture végétale. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que le risque d'inondation dans les marais salants a joué un rôle important dans la décision d'A. n. subvirgata de nicher dans des terres agricoles endiguées, étant donné que le marais salant est régulièrement inondé par les marées. En se basant sur la surveillance des nids, nous avons estimé un succès de nidification plus élevé dans les terres agricoles endiguées que dans les marais salants. L'analyze des échantillons fécaux a montré des différences marquées dans le régime alimentaire entre les individus utilisant les terres agricoles endiguées et ceux utilisant les marais salants. Nous avons aussi observé des différences dans la végétation. Ces résultats suggèrent qu'A. n. subvirgata est capable de tirer profit d'un habitat artificiel facilement disponible pour se reproduire. Avec l'élévation du niveau des océans et l'augmentation du nombre d'événements de tempête qui menacent les habitats côtiers, il est important de comprendre si les oiseaux qui se reproduisent en zone côtière peuvent s'adapter aux changements et quels sont les compromis pour les individus qui se déplacent vers d'autres habitats.
Bird–window collisions are a leading source of bird mortality worldwide, estimated to kill as many as 1 billion birds annually in the U.S. alone. Though researchers have examined the factors contributing to general bird–window collisions, shadow-boxing, a nonfatal but potentially ecologically significant bird–window interaction, has primarily been excluded from the conversation. Shadow-boxing occurs when birds attack their reflection in human-made surfaces believing the reflection to be another individual intruding on their territory. Current bird–window interaction research often does not consider the unique drivers, impacts, and mitigation strategies associated with shadow-boxing. In this paper, we identify 5 major knowledge gaps: (1) building and environmental characteristics that lead to shadow-boxing; (2) the impacts on individual birds, (3) populations, and (4) people; and (5) the effectiveness of existing mitigation strategies for shadow-boxing. For each knowledge gap, we list research questions that will further our understanding of the scale and significance of shadow-boxing.
LAY SUMMARY
Shadow-boxing occurs when birds attack their reflection, believing it to be another bird intruding on their territory.
Shadow-boxing may be increasing with the increase in the number of windows and could have significant impacts on bird populations and people.
Despite this, shadow-boxing has received far less attention than bird-window collisions.
We identify 5 major knowledge gaps that, if addressed, would significantly advance our understanding of shadow-boxing and help to mitigate its negative impacts: 1) the building and environmental characteristics contributing to shadow-boxing; 2) the impacts of shadow-boxing on individual birds; 3) the impacts of shadow-boxing on bird populations; 4) the impacts of shadow-boxing on people; and 5) mitigation strategies.
For each knowledge gap, we list 3 to 4 research questions intended to motivate future studies.
Les collisions des oiseaux contre les fenêtres sont l'une des principales sources de mortalité aviaire dans le monde. On estime qu'elles tuent jusqu'à un milliard d'oiseaux par année rien qu'aux États-Unis. Bien que les chercheurs aient étudié les facteurs contribuant généralement aux collisions des oiseaux contre les fenêtres, le combat simulé, une interaction entre les oiseaux et les fenêtres non mortelle mais potentiellement importante d'un point de vue écologique, a été largement exclu de la conversation. Le combat simulé se produit lorsque les oiseaux attaquent leur reflet dans des surfaces artificielles, croyant que le reflet est un autre individu qui s'est introduit sur leur territoire. Les recherches actuelles sur les interactions entre les oiseaux et les fenêtres ne tiennent souvent pas compte des facteurs, des impacts et des stratégies d'atténuation uniques associés au combat simulé. Dans cet article, nous identifions 5 lacunes majeures dans les connaissances: (1) les caractéristiques des bâtiments et de l'environnement qui mènent à un combat simulé; (2) les impacts sur les oiseaux au niveau individuel, (3) au niveau des populations ainsi que (4) sur les gens, et finalement (5) l'efficacité des stratégies d'atténuation existantes pour le combat simulé. Pour chaque lacune, nous énumérons les questions de recherche qui nous permettront de mieux comprendre l'ampleur et l'importance des combats simulés.
KEYWORDS: cavity-nesting birds, conservation in agroecosystems, draw-and-explain method, extinction of experience, freelists, rural children, social–ecological systems, aves que anidan en cavidades, Conservación en agroecosistemas, Extinción de la experiencia, Listas libres, Método dibuja y explica, Niños rurales, Sistemas socioecológicos
Cavity-nesting birds are a diverse and charismatic community, with a common need for tree cavities that make them vulnerable to land management by humans. However, little research has formally integrated human social aspects into management recommendations for the conservation of cavity-nesting birds. In agroecosystems, people's management decisions modify and define the habitat availability for native cavity-nesting species. These behaviors during adulthood are related to people's worldviews and are shaped, in part, by childhood experiences. Ongoing forest loss may reduce opportunities for children to interact with and learn from cavity-nesting birds and their habitats. We used a social–ecological framework to assess rural children's knowledge and representations of native cavity-nesting birds and their habitats in agroecosystems of the threatened Atlantic Forest of Argentina. We employed “freelists” and “draw-and-explain” strategies with 235 children from 19 rural schools and then compared results with a 4-year dataset of trees (n = 328) and tree-cavity nests (n = 164) in the same study area. Children listed a high diversity (93 taxa) of native cavity-nesting birds, especially parrots (Psittacidae), toucans (Ramphastidae), and woodpeckers (Picidae), which they mostly recognized as cavity nesters. However, children drew agricultural landscapes with few of the habitat features that these birds require (e.g., tree cavities, native forest). Exotic trees were overrepresented in drawings (40% of mentions) compared to our field dataset of nests (10%) and trees on farms (15%). Although children mentioned and depicted a high diversity of native cavity-nesting birds, our results may reveal a problematic extinction of experience regarding how these birds interact with their habitat. To strengthen children's contextualized knowledge and promote their long-term commitment to the conservation of cavity-nesting species, we recommend fostering meaningful experiences for children to interact with native cavity-nesting birds and recognize their habitat needs. A version of this article translated into Spanish is available in Supplementary Material 1 (duae052_suppl_supplementary_material_1.pdf).
LAY SUMMARY
Cavity-nesting birds are a diverse and charismatic community, susceptible to how people manage agroecosystems, yet how cavity-nesting birds are perceived is poorly understood.
Perceptions form during childhood and influence adults' management behaviors.
We investigated the knowledge and shared understanding of rural children about cavity-nesting birds and their habitats in agroecosystems of the Argentine Atlantic Forest.
We used freelisting and draw-and-explain activities in rural schools and compared the results to field data on birds, nest trees, and random trees.
Children listed a high diversity of native cavity-nesting birds but under-represented the habitat elements they require, such as native trees.
Although cavity-nesting birds were salient in children's shared understanding, the under-representation of key habitat features may indicate an ongoing extinction of experience.
We recommend opportunities for children to interact meaningfully with native birds and their habitats, enrich their contextualized knowledge, and foster long-term commitment to the conservation of cavity-nesting communities.
Las aves que anidan en cavidades son una comunidad diversa y carismática, con una necesidad común de cavidades en árboles que las hace vulnerables al manejo del paisaje por parte de los humanos. Sin embargo, pocas investigaciones han integrado formalmente las dimensiones humanas en las recomendaciones de gestión para la conservación de las aves que anidan en cavidades. En los agroecosistemas, las decisiones de manejo de las personas modifican y definen la disponibilidad de hábitat para las especies nativas que anidan en cavidades. Estos comportamientos durante la adultez están relacionados con la visión del mundo que tienen las personas y están moldeados, en parte, por experiencias durante la infancia. La pérdida de bosques puede reducir las oportunidades que tienen los niños para interactuar y aprender sobre las aves que anidan en cavidades y sus hábitats. Utilizamos un marco socioecológico para evaluar el conocimiento y las representaciones de niños rurales sobre las aves nativas que anidan en cavidades y sus hábitats en agroecosistemas de la amenazada selva Atlántica de Argentina. Empleamos “listados libres” y estrategias de “dibujar y explicar” con 235 niños de 19 escuelas rurales, y luego comparamos los resultados con un conjunto de datos de 4 años de árboles al azar (n = 328) y árboles nido (n = 164) en la misma área de estudio. Los niños enumeraron una gran diversidad (93 taxones) de aves nativas que anidan en cavidades, especialmente loros (Psittacidae), tucanes (Ramphastidae) y pájaros carpinteros (Picidae), a los que identificaron mayoritariamente como aves anidadoras en cavidades. Sin embargo, los niños dibujaron paisajes agrícolas con pocas de las características de hábitat que requieren estas aves (por ejemplo, cavidades en los árboles, selva nativa). Los árboles exóticos fueron sobrerrepresentados en los dibujos (40% de las menciones) en comparación con nuestro conjunto de datos de campo de árboles nido (10%) y al azar en agroecosistemas (15%). Aunque los niños mencionaron y representaron una gran diversidad de aves nativas que anidan en cavidades, nuestros resultados pueden revelar una preocupante extinción de la experiencia respecto a cómo estas aves interactúan con su hábitat. Para reforzar el conocimiento contextualizado de los niños y promover su compromiso a largo plazo con la conservación de las especies que anidan en cavidades, recomendamos fomentar experiencias significativas para que los niños interactúen con las aves nativas que anidan en cavidades y reconozcan sus necesidades de hábitat. Una versión de este artículo traducida al español está disponible en el Material suplementario 1.
KEYWORDS: autonomous recording unit, distance-based sound detection truncation, live tree retention, passive acoustic monitoring, regenerating harvested forests, unité d'enregistrement autonome, troncature de la détection acoustique basée sur la distance, rétention d'arbres vivants, inventaire acoustique passif, forêts exploitées en régénération
An inherent challenge with acoustically surveying birds is that the distance at which they can be detected depends on how far their song can be heard. We developed a distance-based sound detection space truncation method to correct for variable sampling radii due to surveying in forested or open conditions. The method was pivotal in evaluating bird responses to retention patches; without this methodological advancement, the impact of retention patches on songbird abundance was vastly underestimated. In the boreal forest, these patches of live trees are retained in regenerating harvested forests to provide ecological services for species adapted to natural disturbances. Although we did not verify our a priori assumption with ground observations, our findings suggest that limited-distance sampling better captures the effects of retention patches on bird use of harvested forests. When evaluated using unlimited distance surveys, retained trees had a negligible effect on bird abundance, whereas applying detection distance truncation highlighted the importance of retention on forest birds. We found that early to mid-seral forest songbirds benefited from retention patches, with notable increases in abundance after 10 years of regeneration. The size of retention patches, ranging from 0.1 to 1.2 ha, did not have a linear relationship with bird abundance. Instead, edge effects stemming from the configuration of these patches emerged as key determinants of abundance for the majority of the species studied. Retention patches that were nearest to unharvested forests were used the most, compared to further into harvest areas. Our research not only highlights the underestimated impact of small-scale live tree retention on forest songbirds but also introduces a significant methodological innovation in the field of acoustic monitoring.
LAY SUMMARY
Preserving live trees in areas where logging has occurred is crucial for supporting wildlife as these forests regenerate.
In our study, we focused on small patches of trees left standing in areas logged within the last 22 years, ranging in size from a single tree to 1.5 soccer fields.
We introduced a novel method to more accurately count birds at different distances, ensuring we understood the true impact of these tree patches.
Birds are more likely to use areas with variably sized patches, particularly after a decade has passed since logging.
The bird response was revealed only after improving the way we count birds on the landscape.
Un défi inhérent aux inventaires acoustiques des oiseaux est que la distance à laquelle ils peuvent être détectés dépend de la distance à laquelle leur chant peut être entendu. Nous avons développé une méthode de troncature de l'espace de détection sonore basé sur la distance pour corriger les rayons d'échantillonnage qui varient en raison des conditions d'inventaire en milieu forestier ou ouvert. Cette méthode a joué un rôle essentiel dans l'évaluation des réactions des oiseaux face à la rétention de groupe d'arbres; sans cette avancée méthodologique, l'impact de la rétention de bouquets sur l'abondance des oiseaux chanteurs était fortement sous-estimé. Dans la forêt boréale, ces bouquets d'arbres vivants sont conservés dans les forêts exploitées en régénération afin de fournir des services écologiques pour les espèces adaptées aux perturbations naturelles. Bien que nous n'ayons pas vérifié notre hypothèse a priori avec des observations sur le terrain, nos résultats suggèrent qu'un échantillonnage à distance limitée permet de mieux rendre compte des effets de la rétention de bouquets sur l'utilisation des forêts exploitées par les oiseaux. Lorsqu'ils sont évalués à l'aide de dénombrements à rayon illimité, les bouquets d'arbres avaient un effet négligeable sur l'abondance aviaire, alors que l'application d'une troncature de la distance de détection met en évidence l'importance de la rétention sur les oiseaux forestiers. Nous avons constaté que les oiseaux chanteurs des forêts en début et milieu de succession bénéficiaient de la rétention de bouquets d'arbres, avec des augmentations notables dans l'abondance après 10 ans de régénération. La taille des bouquets d'arbres conservés, qui allait de 0,1 à 1,2 ha, n'avait pas de relation linéaire avec l'abondance aviaire. Au contraire, les effets de bordure découlant de la configuration de ces bouquets sont apparus comme des facteurs clés de l'abondance pour la majorité des espèces étudiées. Les bouquets de rétention qui étaient les plus près des forêts non exploitées étaient les plus utilisés, comparativement à ceux situés plus loin dans les aires de coupe. Notre étude met non seulement en évidence l'impact sous-estimé de la rétention de bouquets d'arbres vivants à petite échelle sur les oiseaux chanteurs forestiers, mais elle introduit également une innovation méthodologique importante dans le domaine des inventaires acoustiques.
We examined the cultural significance of commensal avian scavenger species—vultures, kites, and crows—and their exploitation of anthropogenic resources and sentiments within Delhi's urban landscapes. For this, we investigated the intrinsic values attributed to these birds by people, which are indicative of complex, rapidly urbanizing social-ecological systems. Semi-structured interviews revealed folk perceptions intertwined with socio-cultural narratives and traditions, shaped by observations of avian morphology, ecology, and behavior. Birds' nesting habits, habitats, home ranges, and foraging behaviors affected people's perceptions, while ecosystem services inspired zoomorphism and anthropomorphism via vernacular-nomenclature (e.g., chidiya collectively for songbirds, giddha for scavenging raptors). Culturally rooted perceptions, which informed ritual feeding practices and shaped prevalent attitudes toward commensal species, fostered mutual tolerance, and brought people into closer contact with urban biodiversity. Such physical and cultural proximity is a defining characteristic distinguishing tropical urban ecosystems from their Western counterparts. We also uncovered the web of social-technological influences on animal-related folk stories. The urbanization of perceptions in vulture extinction zones revealed shifts in social–ecological relationships with wildlife. It adds cultural dimensions to the currently appreciated keystone status of vultures, vital for their erstwhile coexistence at extremely high densities in South Asia. Urban transformations, technological advancements, and media exposure potentially reshaped human–animal interface, with media misinformation affecting personalized ecologies. Conflicts and health concerns arose from media narratives on garbage-consuming animals. Our findings offer insights to prevent severing of people and nature connections due to urbanization (e.g., technological applications can integrate scientific knowledge with biocultural narratives and folklore), promoting a new-age eco-literacy.
LAY SUMMARY
Biodiversity provides a variety of ecosystem services. We investigated the cultural significance of avian scavengers (vultures, kites, and crows) in Delhi's urban landscapes. These birds exploit human resources, religious sentiments, and philanthropic attitudes, becoming integral to the city's social–ecological systems. In turn, they provide vital scavenging and cultural services.
Individuals' perceptions of these scavengers originate from cultural background. These perceptions nurture tolerance and promote a connection between people and urban biodiversity. Perceptions are influenced by birds' behaviors, morphology/aesthetics, and their ecosystem services.
Our ethnographic research highlights the impact of urbanization and media on these human–animal relationships. However, media-driven misinformation can lead to conflicts, affecting well-being.
Technological advancements offer opportunities to integrate scientific knowledge with biocultural narratives, promoting the ability to understand human-nature relationship—a new-age eco-literacy amidst social and ecological changes.
We underscore the need to study and preserve people-birds-places connections to prevent rapidly reducing diversity of human expressions toward nature.
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