Slusarczyk, G.; Cialone, M.A., and Nadal-Caraballo, N.C., 2021. Impact of inlet closures on water volumes in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, U.S.A. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 461–467. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

This paper describes the impact of Hurricane Sandy on the volume of water in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, and the potential for inlet closures to reduce that volume, had they been in place at the time of the storm. Barnegat Bay is hydraulically connected with several other bays to form the largest bay system in New Jersey (over 326 km²). The importance of reducing the volume of water in the embayment during a storm event is to minimize back-bay flooding from the water volume itself and to mitigate additional back-bay flooding from seiching effects along the north-to-south axis of this bay system. Analyses of Barnegat Bay water volume time-series during Hurricane Sandy were made to compare water volumes for different combinations of Barnegat Bay inlet closures to water volumes with no closures in place. The storm event was numerically simulated for all inlet closure configurations utilizing the ADvanced CIRCulation model. This paper will discuss the effect of numerically “closing” three inlets that contribute to surge propagation into the bay system. The comparison is based on closing the inlets individually and in combinations.

DaSilva, M.; Miot da Silva, G.; Hesp, P.A.; Bruce, D.; Keane, R., and Moore, C., 2021. Assessing shoreline change using historical aerial and RapidEye satellite imagery (Cape Jaffa, South Australia). Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 468–483. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The coastal zone is a dynamic area which can experience substantial natural change in short time periods, but changes are also associated with human modifications to the coastline. This case study is focused around assessing shoreline change associated with the Cape Jaffa Marina and canal estate in South Australia. The research comprises a GIS based analysis of shoreline change utilising aerial imagery from 1975 to 2005, which provides information of the morphological coastal trends prior to construction in 2008 of the marina/canal estate. In addition, imagery collected by the RapidEye satellite constellation was used to assess shoreline changes in the decade since construction, 2009 to 2019. The shoreline change statistics over the past few decades were calculated using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System extension of ESRI's ArcGIS. The image analysis workflow is based on the objective extraction of shoreline proxies from individual image statistics in a semi-automated process and is used to identify the waterline and edge of vegetation shoreline proxies in a time series analysis. The results provide a case study of a historically progradational sandy coastline experiencing substantial amounts of alongshore sediment transport, the corresponding obstruction from coastal infrastructure, and the resulting morphological changes to the Cape Jaffa shoreline. Shoreline change trends were altered from a predominantly accretional shoreline before the construction of the marina to one oscillating between extremes of erosion and accretion. The results showed significant accretion occurring updrift (Net Shore Movement (NSM) of 106 m) and significant erosion downdrift (NSM of –80 m) of the marina's training walls and entrance. The information derived from Earth observation satellites, such as RapidEye, can provide valuable insights into trend analysis due to their relatively high spatial (5 metre) and temporal resolution (5.5-day revisit).

Black, K.P.; Kulkarni, K.B.; Naik, G.B.; Naik, M., and Mathew, J., 2021. Improving training wall orientation at river and estuary entrances. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 484–493. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Natural river and estuary entrances adjust in response to the prevailing sedimentary and hydrodynamic environment. In India, during the monsoon rains, the ebb jet can be very large, firing water and sediments along a variable orientation to create the associated ebb deltas. However, once the entrance is trained onto a fixed alignment, this powerful jet “pump” can have adverse impacts. Due to downdrift erosion caused by the entrance training walls at the Old Mangalore Port (Karnataka, west coast of India), the breakwater was modified to reorient the ebb jet in the direction of the longshore drift. The goal was to beneficially use the natural pumping action to drive sand across the entrance without mechanical assistance. Three years of monitoring revealed improvements in downdrift beaches and navigational safety, while maintenance dredging has ceased. The entrance region has deepened by 854,166 m³ after reorienting the ebb jet over the period from October 2017 to February 2020. In contrast, the entrance shoaled by 160,305 m³ over the period from September 2008 to October 2017. The results are relevant to river and estuary entrances with moderate to strong river flows and/or tidal prism.

Kim, B.-J.; Lee, D.E.; Ro, Y.-J., and Jeong, K.-Y., 2021. Weather-driven coastal dynamics in a tide-dominated area: Cases from Spring 2016 along the west coast of Korea. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 494–505. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Analyses of current dynamics recorded using multilayer current meters in Spring 2016 (15 April–17 May, 32 d) at two stations near Kkotji Beach in Anmyeon-do, Yellow Sea, Korea, are presented. Harmonic analysis is applied to identify tidal characteristics in the study area. A slightly rotational current pattern is detected at ST01, while oscillations predominantly in north–south orientation are detected at ST02. Nontidal residual currents and the concurrent surface atmosphere data are analyzed together. Residual currents converge (diverge) between ST01 and ST02 following the increase (decrease) in thickness between two stations. Using advanced statistical methods, the spatial patterns of such dynamic events are shown with their association with surface atmosphere. Complex correlation analysis reveals that residual currents are significantly correlated with abrupt surface wind fluctuations associated with extratropical cyclones. The characteristics of residual currents and surface wind vectors are further analyzed, using complex empirical orthogonal functions (CEOF). The first residual current mode (R1) accounts for 46.8% of the total variation, while the second mode (R2) accounts for 24.9%. R1 represents a wind-induced component in the longshore direction, while R2 represents a bottom-driven component in the opposite direction. Both the modes correlate significantly with the first wind mode (W1, longshore wind), which leads the associated residual current modes by a few hours. Spectral analysis indicates that the two significant periods of surface wind and residual current modes are well matched to each other, exhibiting cycles of 1.6 and 4 days.

Li, X.; Zhao, Y.; Han, R., and Wang, G., 2021. Fractionation and determinants of sediment nitrogen and phosphorus in the algae-dominated Moon Bay of Lake Taihu (China). Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 506–517. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Sediment nutrients are sensitive to environmental fluctuations. The frequent migration and transformation of sediment nutrients result in different fractions. Studying the relationships between favorable nutrient fractions and the benthic environment is critical for understanding the contributions of C, N, and P and their geochemical cycles. In total, nine sediment cores were collected for the study of spatiotemporal distributions of C, N, and P in sediments of Moon Bay, Lake Taihu (China). Pearson correlation and principal component analysis were performed to analyze the influence of environmental parameters and seasons on the concentration of sediment nutrient fractions. Results showed that the algal Moon Bay was phosphorus dominated, given the light total phosphorus loading (401.86 mg/kg). The great concentration gradient from sediment to overlying water (493 times) favored the phosphorus release. Dissolved oxygen, organic loading, and sediment depth showed a close relationship with the mineralization process, which was directly controlled by the reduction-oxidation potential. As the temperature increased, the mineralization could be enhanced. The lower total organic carbon to total nitrogen ratio in summer (16.37) than winter (30.5) verified the strong decomposition and mineralization with the help of active microorganisms. This study provides a reference to understand the influence of physicochemical parameters and primary producers on the C, N, and P geochemical cycles in sediments.

Gu, J.; Zhu, J., and Lyu, H., 2021. Observation and analysis of water and salt transports in the North Branch of the Changjiang Estuary. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 518–527. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The North Branch (NB) is the first-order bifurcation of the Changjiang Estuary and is an extremely shallow water channel. The greatest characteristic of saltwater intrusion is the saltwater spillover from the NB into the South Branch (SB). A field observation was conducted in the NB from 21 to 27 February 2017 to understand the water current and salinity variation. The residual unit width water and salt fluxes, as well as their decomposed terms, were calculated to discuss the mechanisms of water and salt transport. The tidal and vertical variations in ebb and flood duration, current velocity, and salinity during the neap-middle-spring tide were presented and dynamically analyzed in detail. The direction of the Eulerian water and salt transports and tidal pumping salt transport varied by site, vertical layer, and tidal type, whereas the Stokes drift water and salt transports were landward. During neap tide, the total residual water and salt fluxes in the upper layer of the whole NB were seaward transported because of the runoff effect; the total water and salt fluxes in the lower layer were landward in the lower-middle and lower reaches of the NB, reflecting the existence of a two-layer estuarine circulation. During the moderate tide, the total residual water and salt fluxes were seaward in the whole NB except in the lower layer in the low reaches of the NB, which were landward due to the strong baroclinic effect. During the spring tide, all the total residual water and salt fluxes were landward because some flood water flowed into the SB, resulting in an imbalance between the flood and ebb water volumes in the NB. The dynamic processes of water and salt transport from the NB into the SB during spring tide were revealed by the observation and flux decomposition method.

Bunicontro, M.P. and Marcomini, S.C., 2021. Geomorphological evolution of the Patagonian coast surrounding the Golfo Nuevo (Chubut, Argentina) during Late Quaternary: Overview and new proposal. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 528–543. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The main contribution of this paper is a new interpretation of the geomorphological evolution of the North Patagonian coast surrounding the Golfo Nuevo from Mid-to-Late Pleistocene until present. The proposed model shows how continental and marine landforms evolved during the Late Quaternary. According to this, the Golfo Nuevo depression formed during the Middle Pleistocene (>130 ka) above previous fluvial terraces, which are attributed to different stages of the Chubut river. Several pediment types and levels were also identified: (1) flanking pediment (level 1) associated with an ancient fluvial valley; (2) convergent pediment related to a previous depression of Golfo Nuevo (level 2), both assigned to Middle Pleistocene; and (3) a littoral pediment (level 3) linked to a Holocene highstand level. The height and position of accretion marine terraces are discussed, in addition to their previous dating. It can be assumed that Golfo San Matías was flooded twice as a consequence of marine transgressions (marine isotopic stage [MIS] 5 and MIS 1). Likewise, Golfo Nuevo and Golfo San José were affected only once, during the maximum Holocene transgression (MIS 1). This paper highlights the importance of reconstructing the geomorphological evolution of a coastal area of the Patagonia as a result of a combination of changes linked to sea-level variations (mainly associated with glacio-eustasy) and climate, paleo-shorelines records, and continental landforms through Late Quaternary. The proposed geomorphological model can be considered a novelty because of the complex integration of continental and marine landforms and the study of their relative relation.

Lee, T.-C.; Chang, C.-H., and Tang, C.-J., 2021. Viscous flow evolution and boundary layer characteristics during the head-on collision of solitary waves. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 544–556. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Viscous shear flow near the bottom during the head-on collision of two solitary waves is investigated using a stream function–vorticity model. Fully nonlinear free-surface conditions are satisfied numerically at every time step. The bottom boundary-layer flow region is locally refined to explore its physical characteristics through detailed vorticity transport in the shear layer beneath the two solitary waves during their collision. Both symmetric and asymmetric head-on collisions are examined and discussed. The wave deformations are compared with the results of other studies for validation, and the fluid mechanisms in the flow field are illustrated with streamline, equivorticity line, path line, and timeline plots to reveal the interaction processes. It is revealed that the wave interaction behaves nonlinearly not only at the free surface but also in the vorticity exchanges near the bottom.

Pickart, A.J.; Maslach, W.R.; Parsons, L.S.; Jules, E.S.; Reynolds, C.M., and Goldsmith, L.M., 2021. Comparing restoration treatments and time intervals to determine the success of invasive species removal at three coastal dune sites in Northern California, U.S.A. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 557–567. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Dune systems worldwide have been greatly altered by the introduction and spread of invasive species. On the western coast of North America Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link is the most widely introduced species and now represents the dominant vegetation type in the region. In this study, three dune restoration projects in northern California completed between 1997 and 2011 were surveyed, all of which involved the removal of A. arenaria with the aim of increasing native plant cover and richness. Each site underwent a different restoration treatment: manual removal, herbicide application, and the use of heavy equipment to excavate and bury A. arenaria. Species composition and vegetation structure in restored and reference (i.e. uninvaded) areas were recorded at each site. Reference and restored plots differed in species composition at the herbicide-treated site and the heavy-equipment site, but not at the manually treated site. Similarly, plant species richness was similar in restored and reference plots at the manually treated site, but was greater in the reference plots at the other two sites. Vascular plant cover was similar in restored and reference plots at the manually treated site, whereas the herbicide site exhibited higher cover in restored plots and the heavy-equipment site was characterized by lower cover in restored plots. Differences were attributed to a combination of treatment type and time since restoration, with the manually treated plots best meeting goals, but also having the longest time since treatment. Short-term monitoring may fail to identify that a project is on a restoration trajectory and may lead to an inaccurate conclusion of failure to meet goals.

Brett, M.R., 2021. How important is coastal tourism for island nations? An assessment of African and Indian Ocean islands. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 568–575. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal tourism is an important component of the global tourism industry, particularly for island nations where the tourism sector often exceeds 40% of gross domestic product. For African island and Indian Ocean island nations, the tourism sector's economic contribution has not received as much attention. This paper analyses the economic contribution of tourism to the economies of African island nations and analyzes tourism statistics from the World Travel and Tourism Council annual reports. Tourism is a major economic factor for the island nations and is concentrated in the coastal zone. The data indicates that islands with larger and more diversified economies performed better in terms of tourism receipts than did islands with less developed economies. The results show that the average per capita income on the islands is more than six-fold greater than the average for the African continent. To test the importance of the coastal zone, tourist infrastructure was mapped on two African island nations, Mauritius and the Seychelles. Given the predominance of tourist infrastructure in the coastal zone, and the importance of tourism to the economies of many of the African island nations, a rise in sea-level even of 0.5 to 1 meters poses a serious threat to the existence of these island nations.

Zhu, R.; Wang, Q.; Zheng, J.; Su, J., and Wang, N., 2021. Damage detection of pile foundations in marine engineering based on a multidimensional dynamic signature. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 576–588. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Compared with land engineering, pile foundations in marine engineering have the characteristics of long, free lengths in water and bad service environments. The traditional methods of pile foundation damage detection have considerable limitations in the application in marine engineering. In this paper, a new method for pile foundation damage detection is developed. The method constructs a multidimensional dynamic signature space by fusing multivariate information, uses the Mahalanobis distance to define the difference between the damaged and undamaged units of the structure, and detects damage based on a robust outlier identification method in multidimensional space to realize reliable and automatic damage detection under high noise and complex conditions. The effectiveness and reliability of the method are verified using a finite element model (FEM) of a high-pile wharf under different damage degrees and different intensities of Gaussian white noise. The applicability of the method is then experimentally validated on a physical experimental model of a high-pile wharf. Both the FEM and the experimental results show that the method is capable of detecting pile foundation damage and has strong application potential.

Yu, H. and Xing, L., 2021. Analysis of the spatiotemporal differences in the quality of marine economic growth in China. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 589–600. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Scientifically measuring the quality of marine economic growth and fully understanding the actual state of and trends in the evolution of marine economic growth in China are necessary tasks for ensuring the high-quality development of the marine economy. Guided by five development concepts, an evaluation index system is constructed in this article, and the comprehensive entropy weight method is used to measure the spatial and temporal characteristics of the evolution of the quality of marine economic growth in China. The results were as follows. First, the quality of China's marine economic growth was increasing from 2004–2016, and the growth quality index rose significantly from 0.2066 to 0.7753. The central coastal areas from Shandong to Guangdong developed rapidly, with growth range of Guangdong, Shandong, and Shanghai of 0.5644, 0.5329, and 0.5820, respectively, ranking these areas as the top three. However, there are significant differences in provincial-level development, such as the very large gap between Guangdong Province (0.8622) and Guangxi Province (0.6810) in 2016. Second, the quality of China's marine economic growth was high in middle coastal regions and low in the southern and northern coastal regions, with improvements gradually spreading from the middle to the northern and southern regions. Third, the contribution of each of the five concepts—innovation, greenness, coordination, sharing, and openness—is ranked, and each exhibited an upward trend over the sample period. Therefore, measures that implement the five development concepts take advantage of spatial spillover effects and improve the comparative advantage of provinces with high-quality development must be undertaken to cooperatively advance the high-quality development of the marine economy.

Rodil, I.F.; Long, Z.T.; Fegley, S.R.; Rodriguez, A.B., and Peterson, C.H., 2021. Benthic community responses to the filling of a hurricane-induced barrier island inlet. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 601–610. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

In September 2003, Hurricane Isabel created a new tidal inlet through Hatteras Island, a barrier island of North Carolina (U.S.A.). Within two months, the breach was filled with sand dredged from nearby areas. Subsequent ecological response of the benthic macroinvertebrate communities to the filling differed on shores on opposite sides of the island. Thus, the filled area on the high-energy sandy beach exhibited convergence in community composition and abundance with a nearby reference area within 30 months, whereas the filled area on the lower-energy sound shoreline still possessed a depauperate benthos. The high volume of long-shore sediment transport documented along the ocean beaches of Hatteras Island probably acted quickly to transport benthic macrofauna to the fill along with natural beach sediments, and thereby activating a rapid ecological response of the beach community. The beach community was dominated by annual macroinvertebrate species, which could account for mixing from nearby areas in the rapid macrofauna community response. In contrast, the Pamlico Sound shoreline experiences only local wind-driven waves and modest long-shore currents likely insufficient to import macrobenthos readily. Infrequent passive transport of macrobenthos and persistence of defaunated sediment habitats nearby probably slowed the macrofauna community response on the sound-shore side. Management intervention through habitat restoration would be recommended in the less dynamic sound shore environment compared to the high-energy ocean beach where ecological responses of the invertebrate community occurred rapidly.

Gu, F.; Ramezani, E.; Alizadeh, K., and Behling, H., 2021. Vegetation dynamics, environmental changes, and anthropogenic impacts on the coastal Hyrcanian forests in northern Iran. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 611–619. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Hyrcanian forest has been recognized as a hotspot of biodiversity and an important refugium of broad-leaved trees that survived from Quaternary ice ages. However, nowadays this coastal ecosystem has been endangered due to increased anthropogenic impacts. Multiproxy analysis, including pollen, spores, nonpollen palynomorphs, macrocharcoal, and X-ray fluorescence analysis have been applied on a sediment core from the northwestern coastal region of Iran, Zarbijar wetland to reconstruct past vegetation, regional climate dynamics, fire events, and human impacts on the coastal region of Hyrcanian forest. This study provides evidence that the anthropogenic impacts have greatly influenced the ecosystems of the coastal plain of the southern Caspian Sea during the last 600 years and demonstrate that human activities became intensified in the last 100 years. It is suggested that due to the human activities by construction, the geochemical composition of the wetland deposits was markedly artificially changed. The study also indicates that the dynamics of the Hyrcanian lowland forests and local fire frequency were mainly codominated by human impact and local climate conditions. Increased anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, construction, and human-induced fires played an important role in the decline of the Hyrcanian forest. Therefore, this study also suggests that more effort is urgently needed to protect this unique global heritage, and that not only the local government but also the international forest conservation agencies should introduce certain effective corresponding policies to prevent deforestation, control the expansion of land use by agricultural, and construction.

Carvache-Franco, M.; Carvache-Franco, W., and Manner-Baldeon, F., 2021. Market segmentation based on ecotourism motivations in marine protected areas and national parks in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 620–633. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Demand segmentation in ecotourism is a strategy that supports efficient planning for the conservation of resources. This study aimed to create a market segmentation based on ecotourism motivations for protected areas on islands. Data were collected through a questionnaire given to 822 tourists on the Galapagos Islands, a province of Ecuador. The Galapagos Archipelago is located in the Pacific Ocean and has been declared a World Heritage Site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2019). It is of volcanic origin surrounded by marine currents. It is made up of two protected areas: Galapagos National Park, which covers the land surface, and the Galapagos Marine Reserve, which protects the marine environment. The findings were later evaluated with a factor analysis and a K-means clustering method. The results showed that there are six motivational dimensions, labeled: self-development, interpersonal relationships and ego-defensive function, escape, building personal relationships, nature appreciation, and reward. Three groups of tourists were identified. The first, the reward and escape group, had high motivations related to nature, experiencing new things, exploring the unknown, fun, escaping the routine, and destressing. The second, multiple motives tourists, scored highly on all motivational variables. Finally, nature tourists had high motivation in aspects related to nature. These results offer a basis for tourism service providers to develop specific products adapted to various tourist motivations, to improve offers adapted to tourist expectations, to increase satisfaction and tourist return rate, and ultimately to benefit the economy of marine protected areas and national parks with higher employment and income. This study also can help public institutions design appropriate plans for visitors to these island protected areas.

Yin, X.; Huang, L.; Lu, Y.; Zou, J., and Wan, L., 2021. Experimental investigation on resistance reduction for multiple service conditions of container ship bulbous bow optimization. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 634–643. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

In this article, the main objective is to implement an experimental investigation on resistance reduction within a hydrodynamic container ship design procedure for bulbous bow form optimization under multiple service conditions. One container ship was used as a parent ship, and using different bulb characteristic parameters as design variables, a new hull form with an optimized bulbous bow was developed to satisfy the economical requirement of slow steaming for the modern container vessel. Through the conduction of ship-model resistance tests in both design and scantling drafts covering a wide speed range, the experimental results of various resistance component values were monitored and compared between the original and optimized ship. The results show that the hydrodynamic performance of the optimized hull form is improved, especially at lower speeds, and the total resistance reduction per unit displacement in full scale reaches 30%∼40% and then decreases gradually with the increase of Froude number under design draft conditions in contrast to the original hull, suggesting the evolved hull form optimization method is valuable. In addition, the bulbous bow optimization method is proved more practical and effective than the traditional optimization process, which is only based on a contractually specified design condition. On the basis of the comparison and analysis of test results, the influence of the bulbous bow characteristic parameters on the resistance performance is further studied. The presented work is of high reference value for the hydrodynamic optimization design of modern container vessels.

Wei, H., 2021. Optimal design of an integrated cross-border logistics network for China's inland regions. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 644–655. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

As the Belt and Road Initiative is initiated, a strong demand for the development of an inland cross-border logistics occurs. The inland port begins to play an important role in the establishment of the inland cross-border logistics network that functions to link sea and land transportation. From the perspective of the hub connection function of inland ports to the cross-border logistics network, this paper studies the optimal design of the integrated inland cross-border logistics network by a multi-objective mixed-integer program, which is built based on factors, e.g., logistics costs, freight time value, environmental costs, and governmental fiscal subsidy policy for cross-border travels. In addition, the influence of different target preferences, different cost structures, and different financial subsidy policies on the network especially on the proportion of different transportation modes are discussed to provide insights for the decision made to establish an efficient and environmental cross-border logistics network inland in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative.

Sealey, K.S.; Andiroglu, E.; Lamere, J.; Sobczak, J., and Suraneni, P., 2021. Multifunctional performance of coastal structures based on South Florida coastal environs. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 656–669. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal communities around the globe are facing the related challenges of sea-level rise, more frequent and extreme storm events, and deteriorating coastal water quality. A multidisciplinary research team with expertise in architecture, ecology, economics, engineering, design, and public art surveyed existing coastal structures to elucidate criteria for a multifunctional performance assessment of these structures in South Florida. Eight coastal survey sites were evaluated to understand their function. Two key variables that affect the coastal structure function are the spatial extent of the structure and the age of the structure. The functional performance was ranked as poor, fair, or good based on (1) ecological functionality (rugosity, minimization of pollution, and coastal plant diversity), (2) engineering functionality (storm, wave, and flood resilience and affordability), and (3) stakeholder functionality (waterfront access, views, and wildlife views). These aspects of functionality were equally weighted to evaluate the impact of each component on the coastal environs. Generally, coastal structure design considers primarily engineering functionality, and these designs consequently have poor ecological functionality. Multifunctionality improved with the horizontal extent of the structure, the occurrence of coastal plants in a buffer zone, and increased public access and use.

Liu, X.; Chen, X.; Liu, J.; Yu, T., and Sun, B., 2021. Scour effects on cyclic response of bucket foundations under waves and currents. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(3), 670–682. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The scour around the bucket foundation has a significant impact on the response and stability of the bucket foundation. A series of tests have been carried out to estimate the effect of scour on the cyclic response of the bucket foundation under waves and currents. It is found that the scour depth S_d/d of the bucket increases with the increase in Fr_a. The top displacement of the bucket increases with the increase of wave height and scour depth. When the wave force accounts for more than 90% of the wave flow force (0.05 < Fr_a < 0.5), at the same wave height, the scour depth can increase more than 0.6 d, the rotation angle can increase by 120–200%. This article proposes an empirical relationship with an error of 10–20% for evaluating the bucket foundation rotation angle under scour, which can provide a relevant reference for the design of the bucket foundation.