Se describe e ilustra una nueva especie de Pradosia para Costa Rica, P. golfodulcensis. El epíteto específico hace referencia a una región en el Pacífico sur de Costa Rica, lugar de donde provienen la mayoría de ejemplares de este nuevo árbol. La nueva especie presenta afinidades morfológicas con cuatro especies de América del Sur: P. glaziovii, P. granulosa, P. subverticillata y P. verticillata. También se compara con P. grisebachii, este nombre sustituye a P. atroviolacea, nombre previamente utilizado para la única especie del género conocida de América Central (Nicaragua, Costa Rica y Panamá).

A new species of Pradosia is described and illustrated from Costa Rica, P. golfodulcensis. The specific epithet refers to a region in the south Pacific of Costa Rica, from where most of the specimens of this new tree originate. The new species shows morphological affinities with four South American species: P. glaziovii, P. granulosa, P. subverticillata, and P. verticillata. It is also compared with P. grisebachii, name that substitutes P. atroviolacea that was previously used for the only species of the genus known from Central America (Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama).

Guapira fundacionensis from montane forests over the “Aguardiente” sandstone formation, “La Fundación” region, Andes of Táchira State, and Guapira guasarensis from “río Guasare”, on foothills and montane forests located in eastern side of Sierra de Perijá, Zulia state, both in Venezuela, are described, illustrated, and their morphological relationships with allied species are discussed. Both species have similarities with G. opposita, however they differ by having branches, petioles and perianth densely ferrugineous tomentose, by leaf shape and texture, peduncle size, and flowers subtended by three bracteoles. In a geographical and taxonomical context, G. guianensis and G. pacurero are regarded here as diferent from G. eggersiana and G. opposita, while Guapira ayacuchae is considered a synonym of G. cuspidata, G. olfersiana of G. opposita, whereas G. davidsei is regarded as a recognizable species. An updated key to the 20 Venezuelan species of Guapira is presented, and phytogeographical information about the La “Fundación” is provided. Guapira fundacionensis and G. guasarensis are remarkable species, the first by its two stigmas and the latter for bearing five glands at the top of the ovary in an otherwise predominantly one stigma genus, without glands at the top of the ovary.

Guapira fundacionensis sobre afloramientos de areniscas de la formación Aguardiente, La Fundación, estado Táchira, Andes de Venezuela y Guapira guasarensis, de bosques del piedemonte y montanos del río Guasare, del lado este de la Sierra de Perijá, estado Zulia son descritas, ilustradas y sus relaciones morfológicas con la especie afín son discutidas. Ambas especies poseen similaridades con G. opposita, sin embargo, difieren en la pubescencia densamente ferruginosa en las ramas, pecíolos y perianto, en la forma y textura de las hojas, tamaño del pedúnculo y las flores subtendidas por 3 bractéolas. En un contexto geográfico y taxonómico, G. guianensis y G. pacurero son tratadas como especies diferentes de G. eggersiana y de G. opposita. Por otra parte, G. ayacuchae es considerada un sinónimo de G. cuspidata, G. olfersiana de G. opposita y G. davidsei es reconocida como una especie válida. Se presenta una clave actualizada para diferenciar las 20 especies del género Guapira presentes en Venezuela e información acerca la fitogeografía del sector La Fundación. Guapira fundacionensis y G. guasarensis son especies notables, la primera por sus dos estigmas y la segunda por poseer 5 glándulas en el ápice del ovario, en un género donde predomina un solo estigma y ovario sin glándulas.

Lectotypes are designated for the following species of Quercus (Fagaceae) and associated synonymous taxa collected in Mexico, and what was later to become California, during the historic five-year Malaspina Expedition around the world: Quercus agrifolia, Q. castanea, Q. diversifolia, Q. elliptica, Q. lobata, Q. lutea, Q. magnoliifolia and Q. rugosa as well as Q. kelloggii and Q. tinctoria var. californica collected by early collectors in California.

Although gymnosperms are well known for their large size, being the largest, tallest and most massive living organisms on earth, an exceptionally diminutive gymnosperm, Ephedra monosperma Gmelin ex C. A. Meyer (Ephedraceae), from southwestern China is compared with the much more massive gymnosperms that tend to receive far greater attention and publicity. Photographs of E. monosperma and its natural habitat are provided and voucher specimens are cited.

Eriotheca it is one of the three most numerous genera of Bombacoideae (Malvaceae) with approximately 25 species. It is distributed exclusively in South America, where it is predominantly associated with humid environments although it can also be found in areas of the xeric corridor. During the examination of the collections of this subfamily deposited in the Herbarium of the Faculty of Chemical Sciences (FCQ), National University of Asunción (UNA), it was found the first record of the species Eriotheca macrophylla for Paraguay, expanding to three the number of species of this genus in the Paraguayan flora.

Eriotheca es uno de los tres géneros más numerosos de Bombacoideae (Malvaceae) con aproximadamente 25 especies. Se distribuye exclusivamente en América del Sur, donde se asocia predominantemente con ambientes húmedos aunque también se puede encontrar en áreas del corredor xérico. Durante el examen de las colecciones de esta subfamilia depositadas en el Herbario FCQ, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción (UNA), se encontró el primer registro de la especie Eriotheca macrophylla para el Paraguay, ampliando para tres el número de especies del género en la flora paraguaya.

Epilobium ravenii Hoch & Gandhi is proposed here as the new name for the species previously known as E. foliosum (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Suksd., non E. foliosum Heynh.

Two new species of Epidendrum from the Western Cordillera of the Colombian Andes are described and illustrated. The new species with red and orange flowers belong to the Schistochilum group, Secundum subgroup and are similar to Epidendrum portokalium and E. melinanthum but differ by the color of the flowers and floral details, especially the calli. The new species were found in an open area with mild to severe erosion of the soil with a high clay content and high levels of insolation. The location was purchased with the aim of implementing ecological restoration strategies for its conservation with plans to recover the forest areas and allow connectivity within landscapes. The discoveries made it necessary to change the ecological restoration plans, the results being that it is not necessary to restore forest cover, but rather to maintain the area in its current state, making some changes that allow the conservation of the two new species and associated species.

Se describen e ilustran dos nuevas especies de Epidendrum de la Cordillera Occidental de los Andes colombianos. Las especies nuevas de flores rojas y anaranjadas pertenecen al grupo Schistochilum, subgrupo Secundum y son similares a Epidendrum portokalium y E. melinanthum pero se distinguen por su el colorido de las flores y los detalles florales y callos. Las nuevas especies se encontraron en un área abierta con erosión leve a severa del suelo, con un alto contenido de arcilla y una alta exposición al sol. Este lugar fue adquirido con el objetivo de implementar estrategias de restauración ecológica para su conservación con la finalidad de recuperar las áreas boscosas y permitir la conectividad dentro del paisaje. Los hallazgos obligaron a cambiar los planes de restauración ecológica, considerando que no es necesario restaurar la cobertura forestal, sino mantener el área en su estado actual, realizando algunos cambios que permitan la conservación de las dos nuevas especies y las especies asociadas.

A new combination Xanthisma tenuilobum is proposed for a species endemic to western Chihuahua, Mexico. This revision is necessary in order to take into account the existence of an earlier, validly published name for the species.

Discussion is provided on the recent reduction to synonymy of seven Bolivian and Peruvian taxa of the genus Fernandezia.

Additional names not accounted for in recent treatments of the orchids of Myanmar are noted, along with some other ancillary studies. Nine new combinations are proposed, viz. Brachypeza uniflora, Eulophia citrina, E. pulchella, Holcosia pseudotaiwaniana, H. taiwaniana, Phreatia emarginata, P. minuscula, P. perpusilla, and Vanda hennisiana. One new species is also proposed, viz. Cylindrolobus karenensis.

Forest vegetation (flooded, semi-flooded, and non-flooded or “terra firme”) of the Cumaribo region was characterized using data from 29 plots. This sector is located in municipality at the Vichada department, and in adjacent areas of the Guainía and Guaviare departments, Colombia. In 1000 m² plots, all individuals with a diameter (DAP) > 10 cm were measured, the basal area (m^2), relative abundance (%), and relative dominance (%) were calculated. The latter values helped to estimate the “reduced” importance value index (IVI).The Sigmatist school guidelines were used to classify the forests. According to floristic composition, patterns of structure, and spatial distribution of the species, forests were grouped in class Brosimo lactescentis-Eschweileretea subglandulosae with an estimated basal area of 165.7 m² in 10,579 individuals belonging to 685 species. In Mabeo nitidae-Mespilodaphnetalia cymbari forests (14 plots, 14000 m² of sampled area), the basal area value of 101.9 m² was estimated at 4770 individuals in 348 species, and the Duguetio quitarensis-Amphirrhocion longifoliae alliance covered 55.94 m² at 1901 individuals of 192 species. The association Vitici compressae-Attaleetum butyraceae presented the highest value of dominance index (basal area/sampling area) with 1.2%. In the alliance Virolo surinamensis-Mespilodaphnion cymbari, the basal area was 21.9 m² with 1461 individuals in 138 species. The association Aspidospermo desmanthi-Mespilodaphnetum cymbari presented a basal area of 24.4 m² with 1408 individuals and 211 species. In Phenakospermo guyannenses-Minquartietalia guianensis forests (13 plots, 13000 m²⁾ basal area was 63.8 m² in 5809 individuals and 486 species. These values were provided by the alliance Attaleo maripoae-Iryantherion laevis with its five associations, where the palm association Attaleo maripae-Euterpetum precatoriae showed the highest richness value index with 6.3%. The Micropholio venulosae-Eschweileretum bracteosae forests presented the highest density index with a 0.6 number of individuals/ sampling area. The present study grouped forest vegetation into one class, two orders, 2 alliances, and 10 associations. These results represent the first proposal of a phytosociological classification of the forests located in the transition region of the Orinoquia and the Colombian Amazon.

Se utilizó la información de 29 levantamientos (parcelas) para caracterizar los bosques (inundables, semi-inundables y no inundables o de “tierra firme”) en la región de Cumaribo, departamento del Vichada, y en localidades adyacentes de los departamentos del Guainía y Guaviare, Colombia. En parcelas de 1.000 m² se midieron todos los individuos con un diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) > 10 cm, y se calculó el área basal (m^2), abundancia relativa (%), dominancia relativa (%), con estos valores se estimo el indice de valor de importancia “reducido” (IVI). En la clasificación de la vegetación, se siguieron los lineamientos de la escuela sigmatista. De acuerdo con la composición florística, los bosques se agruparon en la clase Brosimo lactescentis-Eschweileretea subglandulosae, con un área basal estimada de 165,7 m^2, en 10.579 individuos pertenecientes a 685 especies y en el orden Mabeo nitidae-Mespilodaphnetalia cymbari (14 parcelas, 14000 m² de superficie muestreada) con un área basal de 101,9 m² en 4.770 individuos en 348 especies. En la clasificación fitosociológica, figura la alianza Dugetio quitarensis-Amphirrhocion longifoliae con 55,94 m^2, 1901 individuos en 192 especies, con varios tipos de bosques y el palmar mixto Vitici compressae-Attaleetum butyraceae, el cual tuvo el valor mayor de índice de dominancia (área basal/área de muestreo, 1.2%). En la alianza Virolo surinamensis-Mespilodaphnion cymbari, el área basal es de 21,9 m² para 1461 individuos en 138 especies. En los bosques de la asociación Aspidospermo desmanthii-Mespilodaphnetum cymbari se encontró un área basal de 24,4 m² de 1408 individuos y 211 especies. En los bosques del orden Phenakospermo guyannenses- Minquartetlia guianenesis (13 parcelas, 13000 m² de superficie muestreada), el área basal fue de 63,8 m² en 5809 individuos y 486 especies. Estos valores los aportó la alianza Attaleo maripae-Iryantherion laevis con sus cinco asociaciones, de las cuales el palmar de Attaleo maripae-Euterpetum precatoriae mostró el mayor valor de índice de riqueza (6.3%). Los bosques de Micropholio venulosae-Eschweileretum bracteosae presentaron el mayor valor del índice de densidad (número de individuos/área de muestreo, 0.6%). En el presente estudio, la vegetación se agrupó en una clase, dos órdenes, 2 alianzas y 10 asociaciones, resultados que representan la primera propuesta de clasificación fitosociológica de la vegetación boscosa en la región de transición entre la Orinoquia y la Amazonia de Colombia.

Two new species of Crossoglossa from the western Andes of Colombia are proposed. The new taxa, C. dapaensis and C. elvirae, are described and illustrated. ecological notes and a distribution map are also supplied.

We discuss nomenclatural and taxonomic matters pertaining to three species of New World Cyperus. We provide correct names for three species hitherto known as: Cyperus friburgensis, C. niger, and C. spectabilis. Also, C. multifolius, and C. penicillatus are noted as overlooked synonyms of C. prolixus. New combinations are made for the varieties previously recognized in C. niger.

According to Article 9.2 of International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code, 2018), errors in the citation of the locality in the protologues of nine names of Chinese plants, including Carex melinacra var. changningensis (Cyperaceae), Celastrus rugosa (Celastraceae), Ctenitis changanensis (Aspidiaceae), Huodendron tomentosum (Styracaceae), Ostodes kuangii (Euphorbiaceae), Pleione microphylla (Orchidaceae), Rubus rufus var. longipedicellatus (Rosaceae), Sorbus (Rosaceae), and Trichosanthes subrosea (Cucurbitaceae), were corrected. The holotypes of two names and the isotypes of seven names are deposited in the Harvard University Herbaria; the holotypes of seven names are deposited in the Chinese National Herbarium (PE).

Members of the Melastoma laevifolium group in the Philippines which include the poorly known M. culionense from Culion Island and the new species M. lawrenceliaoi sp. nov. from Tawi-Tawi Island are herein taxonomically reassessed and described, respectively. Having the holotype missing/lost, M. culionense is herein lectotypified. Melastoma lawrenceliaoi is closely related to M. laevifolium from Borneo but differs by having flattened and furrowed young twigs, shorter leaves, midrib and longitudinal veins with slightly curved lanceolate scales up to ca. 0.8 mm long on the lower leaf surface, solitary flowers, shorter and grass green bracteoles, hypanthium sparsely covered with neatly appressed linear scales up to ca. 0.8 mm long, longer hypanthium lobes, ovate petals and shorter greyish anthers on the longer stamens. Taxonomic notes on M. laevifolium is herein provided too.