Woyengo, T. A. and Nyachoti, C. M. 2011. Review: Supplementation of phytase and carbohydrases to diets for poultry. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 177-192. Feedstuffs of plant origin contain anti-nutritional factors such as phytic acid (PA) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), which limit nutrient utilization in poultry. Phytic acid contains phosphorus, which is poorly digested by poultry, and has the capacity to bind to and reduce the utilisation of other nutrients, whereas NSP are indigestible and have the capacity to reduce nutrient utilisation by encapsulation. Supplemental phytase and NSP-degrading enzymes (carbohydrases) can, respectively, hydrolyze PA and NSP, alleviating the negative effects of these anti-nutritional factors. In feedstuffs of plant origin, PA is located within the cells, whereas NSP are located in cell walls, and hence it has been hypothesized that phytase and carbohydrases can act synergistically in improving nutrient utilization because the carbohydrases can hydrolyze the NSP in cell walls to increase the accessibility of phytase to PA. However, the response to supplementation of a combination of these enzymes is variable and dependent on several factors, including the type of carbohydrase supplement used, dietary NSP composition, calcium and non-phytate phosphorus contents, and endogenous phytase activity. These factors are discussed, and areas that need further research for optimising the use of a combination of phytase and carbohydrases in poultry diets are suggested.

McAllister, T. A., Beauchemin, K. A., Alazzeh, A. Y., Baah, J., Teather, R. M. and Stanford, K. 2011. Review: The use of direct fed microbials to mitigate pathogens and enhance production in cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 193-211. Direct-fed microbials (DFM) have been employed in ruminant production for over 30 yr. Originally, DFM were used primarily in young ruminants to accelerate establishment of the intestinal microflora involved in feed digestion and to promote gut health. Further advancements led to more sophisticated mixtures of DFM that are targeted at improving fiber digestion and preventing ruminal acidosis in mature cattle. Through these outcomes on fiber digestion/rumen health, second-generation DFM have also resulted in improvements in milk yield, growth and feed efficiency of cattle, but results have been inconsistent. More recently, there has been an emphasis on the development of DFM that exhibit activity in cattle against potentially zoonotic pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. Regulatory requirements have limited the microbial species within DFM products to organisms that are generally recognized as safe, such as lactic acid-producing bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus and Enterococcus spp.), fungi (e.g., Aspergillus oryzae), or yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Direct-fed microbials of rumen origin, involving lactate-utilizing species (e.g., Megasphaera elsdenii, Selenomonas ruminantium, Propionibacterium spp.) and plant cell wall-degrading isolates of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens have also been explored, but have not been commercially used. Development of DFM that are efficacious over a wide range of ruminant production systems remains challenging because[0] comprehensive knowledge of microbial ecology is lacking. Few studies have employed molecular techniques to study in detail the interaction of DFM with native microbial communities or the ruminant host. Advancements in the metagenomics of microbial communities and the genomics of microbial-host interactions may enable DFM to be formulated to improve production and promote health, responses that are presently often achieved through the use of antimicrobials in cattle.

Jørgensen, G. H. M. and Bøe, K. E. 2011. Outdoor yards for sheep during winter - Effects of feed location, roof and weather factors on resting and activity. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 213-220. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of roof cover and location of feed on sheep's use of an outdoor yard under different weather conditions. A 2×2 factorial experiment was conducted with roof covering of outdoor yard (yes or no) and location of feed (indoors or outdoors) in four different pens, each with one of four possible combinations of these factors. Twenty adult ewes of the Norwegian White breed were randomly allotted to four groups with five animals. Weather parameters were automatically recorded. The following behavioural parameters were scored using instantaneous sampling every 15 min throughout 24-h video recordings: location (indoors or outdoors), general behaviour (stand/walk, resting, feeding). Weather factors did not seem to have any large influence on sheep behaviour. A roof covering the outdoor yard increased time spent in the yard, had no effect on feeding time, a limited effect on resting time, but increased the time spent resting outdoors. Locating the feed outdoors increased time spent in the yard, but also increased the time spent resting indoors, indicating that if a dry and comfortable resting area is offered indoors, the feed should be located in the outdoor yard.

Scholljegerdes, E. J., Lekatz, L. A. and Vonnahme, K. A. 2011. Effects of short-term oilseed supplementation on reproductive performance in beef heifers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 221-229. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the role of a short-term increase in linolenic acid around the timed artificial insemination (TAI) on plasma fatty acid concentrations, estrous behavior, and pregnancy. Therefore, 96 cross-bred heifers (Initial BW=394±18.1 kg) fed chopped grass hay were allotted to one of three dietary treatments: no supplement (CON); 1.8 kg head^-1 d^-1 (DM basis) of a soybean-based pellet (SOY) high in linoleic acid (C18:2n-6); or 1.5 kg head^-1 d^-1 (DM basis) of a flaxseed-based pellet (FLX) high in linolenic acid (C18:3n-3). On day -9, relative to TAI, supplementation began, and heifers received a controlled internal drug-releasing (CIDR) device and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH; 100 µg). On day -2, CIDRs were removed and heifers received 25 mg prostaglandin F₂α (PGF₂α). Heifers were bred by TAI (day 0) 54 h after CIDR removal and received GnRH. Estrous behavior was monitored throughout the feeding period by radiotelemetry. Supplementation ended on day 18 relative to TAI. Plasma concentrations of C18:2n-6 were greater by day 0 and day 18 (P<0.001) above that of CON for both SOY and FLX with SOY being greater than (P<0.001) FLX. Likewise, C18:3n-3 was also greater for supplemented heifers by day 0 and day 18 (P<0.001). The number of heifers that did not respond to estrous synchronization was not affected by dietary treatment (P=0.61). Conception to AI was not affected by treatment (P=0.24). Overall pregnancy rates tended to be lower for FLX (P=0.08) than SOY. Conception to a TAI program was not enhanced when oilseeds were fed to beef heifers during estrous synchronization and continuing past day 18 relative to artificial insemination.

Nielsen, V. H., Møller, S. H., Hansen, B. K. and Berg, P. 2011. Response to selection and genotype-environment interaction in mink (Neovison vison) selected on ad libitum and restricted feeding. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 231-237. Mink were selected for high November weight (AL line) and low feed conversion ratio (FC line) on ad libitum feeding and for high November weight on restricted feeding (RF line). After three generations of selection, the average estimated breeding value for November weight was 533, 326, and 150 g in males and 168, 82, and -85 g in females in the AL, RF, and FC lines. The breeding value for feed conversion ratio was -1.39, -0.84 and -0.68 kg feed kg^-1 gain in males and -0.39, -0.31 and -0.23 kg feed kg^-1 gain in females in the selection lines. In generation 4, the AL, RF and FC lines were tested on both ad libitum and restricted feeding. The estimated breeding value for November weight in males in the AL line (533 g) was significantly greater than that in the RF line (384 g) on ad libitum feeding. The corresponding values on restricted feeding were 297 and 326 g, respectively, which were not significantly different. This indicates genotype×environment interaction. In the AL line, selection improved feed conversion ratio by increased appetite. In the RF line, it was improved by increased feed utilization. Environmental sensitivity in males, estimated from breeding values for November weight was 236 g in the AL line and 58 g in the RF line suggesting that the RF line was more robust to changes in feeding conditions. A smaller litter size in the AL line (4.1) than in the RF line (5.6) indicates that selection for large weight affects reproduction.

Andraszek, K. and Smalec, E. 2011. The use of silver nitrate for the identification of spermatozoon structure in selected mammals. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 239-246. The spermatozoon is one of the most diversified cell types, and the chromatin of the haploid spermatozoon genome is essentially different from that of the somatic cell as regards its chemical composition, structure and function. Although the structure of spermatozoon chromatin has crucial importance for fertilization and embryo development, standard staining techniques are still predominantly used for identifying semen quality and the assessment of spermatozoa is most often limited to detecting irregularities in their morphological structure. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the usefulness of silver nitrate staining for assessing spermatozoon morphology and identifying spermatozoon structure. Spermatozoa isolated from testes and semen were examined. Silver nitrate staining made it possible to identify many significant details of the morphological structure of the spermatozoon and could be successfully employed in sperm morphology assessments.

Wang, Q., Zhao, H. and Pan, Y. 2011. SNPknow: a web server for functional annotation of cattle SNP markers. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 247-253. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) microarray technology provides new insights to identify the genetic factors associated with the traits of interest. To meet the immediate need for a framework of genome-wide association study (GWAS), we have developed SNPknow, a suite of CGI-based tools that provide enrichment analysis and functional annotation for cattle SNP markers and allow the users to navigate and analysis large sets of high-dimensional data from the gene ontology (GO) annotation systems. SNPknow is the only web server currently providing functional annotations of cattle SNP markers in three commercial platforms and dbSNP database. The web server may be particularly beneficial for the analysis of combining SNP association analysis with the gene set enrichment analysis and is freely available at  http://klab.sjtu.edu.cn/SNPknow.

Pretheeban, T., Gordon, M. B., Singh, R. and Rajamahendran, R. 2011. Comparison of expression levels of candidate genes in endometrium of dairy heifers and lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 255-264. Pregnancy rates (PR) in high-producing lactating dairy cows have declined drastically over the past several decades, but those of heifers have remained constant. Reduced PR could be due to multiple causes, and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are still unclear. A compromised maternal uterine environment could be one of factors that could affect the PR. This study was performed to compare the nature of the uterine environment in dairy heifers and lactating dairy cows (2nd/3rd parity) by analyzing the expression levels of selected endometrial genes. Estrus was synchronized in heifers (n=5) and lactating dairy cows (n=5) and endometrial biopsies were performed during the mid luteal phase (day 11) of the estrous cycle. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT PCR) and immunohistochemistry were performed to analyse the mRNA and protein levels of genes respectively. Relative abundance of BCL2, HSPA1A, IL1A, TNF, IGF1, FGF2 and SERPINA14 transcripts and the protein expression of IL1A, TNF and FGF2 were significantly higher in heifers in comparison with lactating dairy cows. Our findings suggest an altered endometrial environment in lactating dairy cows compared with heifers. However, whether these differences play a role in pregnancy outcomes should be further investigated.

Singh, R., Pretheeban, T. and Rajamahendran, R. 2011. GnRH agonist (buserelin)-induced in vitro apoptosis in bovine endometrium. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 265-273. Apoptosis is a vital physiological process. The local modulatory role of the GnRH, GnRH-R system in uterine physiology is not clear. We investigated GnRH agonist (buserelin)-induced apoptosis in bovine endometrium. Reproductive tracts were collected from a local abattoir. The endometrial explants were sliced into smaller pieces, cultured for 20 h and then treated (6 h) with buserelin (0, 200, 500, 1000 ng mL^-1), the GnRH antagonist-antide (500 ng mL^-1) and antide buserelin (500 200 ng mL^-1), and stored at -80°C for RNA extraction. Two micrograms of total RNA was subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using gene-specific primers. Subsequently, endometrial epithelial cells were isolated from the follicular and luteal phase uteri, cultured for 48 h, characterized and treated with buserelin (200 ng mL^-1), antide (500 ng mL^-1), and antide buserelin (500 200 ng mL^-1) for 6 h. The cells were stained with acridine orange-ethidium bromide and visualized and counted under a fluorescent microscope. Buserelin up-regulated BAX (200 ng mL^-1) and CASPASE3 mRNA (200 and 500 ng mL^-1) and induced apoptosis (200 ng mL^-1) at the cellular level in the follicular phase endometrium. GnRH appears to regulate uterine homeostasis in bovine endometrium at the transcriptional and cellular levels.

Simitzis, P. E., Symeon, G. K., Charismiadou, M. A., Ayoutanti, A. G. and Deligeorgis, S. G. 2011. The effects of dietary hesperidin supplementation on broiler performance and chicken meat characteristics. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 275-282. An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of supplementing broiler feed with hesperidin, a bioflavonoid that is an abundant and inexpensive by-product of citrus cultivation, on growth performance, carcass characteristics, breast meat quality characteristics and the oxidative stability of breast meat. Eighty 308-d-old Ross male broiler chickens were randomly assigned to four groups. One of the groups served as a control (C) and was given commercial basal diets, whereas the other three groups were given the same diets further supplemented with hesperidin at 1.5 g kg^-1 (HE1), or hesperidin at 3.0 g kg^-1 (HE2), or a-tocopheryl acetate at 0.2 g kg^-1 (VE). At 40 d of age, broilers were fasted for 12 h, weighed and slaughtered. After overnight chilling, carcasses were trimmed for breast fillets by removing skin, bones and connective tissue. The right pectoralis major muscle was used for quality parameters estimation, whereas the left pectoralis major muscle for lipid oxidation measurements. No significant differences were observed after dietary hesperidin or a-tocopheryl acetate supplementation in final body weight (kg), body weight gain (g), feed conversion rate and internal organs weight (g). Shear values (N mm^-2), intramuscular fat (%) and cooking loss (%) were also not significantly influenced by the dietary treatments. Significant differences were found concerning pH₂₄ and color parameter values among the treatment groups. Measurement of lipid oxidation values showed that as hesperidin increased in the diet, malondialdehyde values decreased in tissue samples, suggesting that hesperidin particularly at 3 g kg^-1 exerted an antioxidant effect on chicken tissues (P<0.01). However, dietary a-tocopheryl acetate supplementation at 0.2 g kg^-1 of feed displayed greater antioxidant activity than hesperidin at either supplementation rate (P<0.01). In conclusion, hesperidin, an abundant component of citrus pulp, positively influences meat antioxidative properties without negative implications on growth performance and meat quality characteristics in poultry, thus appearing to be an important additive for both the consumer and the industry.

Markus, S. B., Aalhus, J. L., Janz, J. A. M. and Larsen, I. L. 2011. A survey comparing meat quality attributes of beef from credence attribute-based production systems. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 283-294. Two branded beef programs based on producer-defined production systems differentiated by intangible credence attributes (Organic and Natural) were compared with Commodity beef to determine meat quality and assess consumer acceptability. In each of four slaughter seasons (winter, spring, summer and fall) longissimus lumborum muscle samples were collected from two industry slaughter plants; Organic n=30, 30, 27 and 31; Natural n=30, 27, 29 and 25; Commodity 1 n=12 and 18 for spring and summer, respectively; Commodity 2 n=14 and 12 for spring and fall, respectively. Samples were vacuum packaged and aged for 16±2 d at 2°C. Seasonal effects (P<0.01) were evident for mean shear force, composition, drip loss, colour and pH. While all mean shear values were classified as being tender (<5.6 kg), a smaller proportion of steaks were classified as tender in the Organic beef compared with the Natural and Commodity beef (55.9 vs. 70.3 and 78.6%; P<0.01), indicating that even after industry normal ageing times there was higher tenderness variability in the Organic beef. Fat content (SEM=0.23; P<0.01) was lowest for the Organic line (3.98%) with Natural (5.34%) and Commodity being intermediate (5.73%). Some statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in mean scores for aroma, juiciness, flavour, tenderness and overall acceptability of cooked beef steaks were observed amongst the three production systems when samples were not matched on the basis of intramuscular fat (IMF). Clearly there are measureable differences in quality between “credence” based production systems and commodity beef with an overall better quality in Commodity beef. However, if the consumer is willing to pay for credence-based attributes then there is an opportunity for these production systems to improve the quality of their product, specifically in respect to age at slaughter and content of IMF.

Plante, P. A., Laforest, J.-P. and Farmer, C. 2011. Effect of supplementing the diet of lactating sows with NuPro® on sow lactation performance and piglet growth. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 295-300. The impact of supplementing the diet of lactating sows with NuPro® (a source of yeast-derived proteins) on their performance and that of their piglets was studied. Treatments were: control (CTL, n=22), 30 g of NuPro per day (NuPro30, n=22), and 60 g of NuPro per day (NuPro60, n=21). The NuPro was mixed daily with 500 g of feed and provided over a 21-d lactation. Jugular blood samples were obtained from sows on days 2, 7 and 20 of lactation to measure urea concentrations. Milk samples were obtained on days 7 and 20 of lactation for compositional analyses and quantification of 5' monophosphate nucleotides. Litter size was standardized to 10±1 at 48 h postpartum. Sow body weight loss and backfat loss during lactation were recorded, as well as the weights of piglets until day 56. Feed intakes of sows during lactation and of piglets for 5 wk post-weaning were noted. Statistical analyses were performed with PROC MIXED using an analysis of variance with one factor (three levels) according to a completely randomized design. None of the animal performance data differed among treatments (P>0.1). Standard milk composition was also similar across treatments (P>0.1). Concentrations of nucleotides in milk were greater on day 7 than on day 20 of lactation (P<0.001) but were not affected by treatments (P>0.1). In conclusion, supplementing the diet of lactating sows with NuPro did not increase nucleotide concentrations in milk and had no beneficial effects on sow or piglet performances.

Zijlstra, R. T., Swift, M. L., Wang, L. F., Scott, T. A. and Edney, M. J. 2011. Short Communication:Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy accurately predicts the digestible energy content of barley for pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 301-304. Density, chicken apparent metabolizable energy (AME), and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) were tested to predict the widely varying swine digestible energy (DE) content of barley. The DE content of 39 barley samples ranged from 2686 to 3163 kcal kg^-1 (90% DM) in grower pigs. The R² between DE content and density (0.14) and broiler chicken AME content (0.18 and 0.56, without and with enzyme, respectively) was low. In contrast, the coefficient of determination to predict swine DE content for ground barley samples using NIRS was respectable for external validation (R²=0.74) and internal cross validation (1-VR=0.79), but more robust calibrations should be developed for commercial application.

Alemu, A. W., Ominski, K. H. and Kebreab, E. 2011. Estimation of enteric methane emissions trends (1990-2008) from Manitoba beef cattle using empirical and mechanistic models. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 305-321. The objective of this study was to estimate and assess trends in enteric methane (CH₄) emissions from the Manitoba beef cattle population from the base year of 1990 to 2008 using mathematical models. Two empirical (statistical) models: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 2 and a nonlinear equation (Ellis), and two dynamic mechanistic models: MOLLY (v3) and COWPOLL were used. Beef cattle in Manitoba were categorized in to 29 distinct subcategories based on management practice, physiological status, gender, age and production environment. Data on animal performance, feeding and management practices and feed composition were collected from the literature as well as from provincial and national sources. Estimates of total enteric CH₄ production from the Manitoba beef cattle population varied between 0.9 and 2.4 Mt CO₂ eq. from 1990 to 2008. Regardless of the type of models used, average CH₄ emissions for 2008 were estimated to be 45.2% higher than 1990 levels. More specifically, CH₄ emissions tended to increase between 1990 and 1996. Emissions were relatively stable between 1996 and 2002, increased between 2003 and 2005, but declined by 13.2% between 2005 and 2008, following the same trend as that observed in the beef cattle population. Models varied in their estimates of CH₄ conversion rate (Y_m, percent gross energy intake), emission factor (kg CH₄ head^-1 yr^-1) and CH₄ production. Total CH₄ production estimates ranged from 1.2 to 2.0 Mt CO₂ eq. for IPCC Tier 2, from 0.9 to 1.5 Mt CO₂ eq. for Ellis, from 1.3 to 2.1 Mt CO₂ eq. for COWPOLL and from 1.5 to 2.4 Mt CO₂ eq. for MOLLY. The results indicate that enteric CH₄ estimates and emission trends in Manitoba were influenced by the type of model and beef cattle population. As such, it is necessary to use appropriate models for reliable estimates for enteric CH₄ inventory. A more robust approach may be to integrate different models by using mechanistic models to estimate regional Y_m values, which may then be used as input for the IPCC Tier 2 model.

Li, S., Khafipour, E., Krause, D. O., González, L. A. and Plaizier, J. C. 2011. Effects of grain-pellet and alfalfa-pellet subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenges on feeding behaviour of lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 323-330. The effects of two nutritional challenges aimed at inducing subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) on the feeding behaviour of lactating dairy cows were investigated in two separate experiments. Both experiments included eight tie-stall-housed cows that were fed once daily. Feeding behaviour of individual cows was monitored by continuously weighing the feed in the mangers. In each experiment, ruminal pH was monitored in four rumen cannulated cows. In the first experiment, cows received a control diet containing 50% mixed concentrate and 50% alfalfa and barley silage (DM basis) during weeks 1 to 5 of two subsequent 6-wk periods. During week 6 of both periods, a grain-pellet SARA challenge (GPSC) was conducted by replacing 21% of DM of the basal diet with wheat-barley pellets. Data obtained in week 4 were taken as a control. In the second experiment, cows received a control diet containing 50% of DM as mixed concentrate and 50% of DM as chopped alfalfa hay during the first week of a 5-wk period. Between week 2 and week 5, an alfalfa-pellet SARA challenge (APSC) was conducted by replacing alfalfa hay in the control diet with alfalfa pellets at a rate of 8% per week. Week 1 and week 5 were considered as the control and SARA challenge, respectively. In the first experiment, the GPSC reduced the meal duration from 48.9 to 38.6 min meal^-1 and the eating time from 6.7 to 5.5 h d^-1. Meal criteria, meal frequency, meal size, and eating rate were not affected. In the second experiment, the APSC did not affect the meal criterion, meal duration, and eating time per day, but increased dry matter intake from 18.7 to 24.3 kg d^-1, meal frequency from 8.2 to 9.4 meals d^-1, meals size from 2.4 to 2.7 kg DM, and eating rate from 54.8 to 67.6 g DM min^-1. The duration of the first meal after feed delivery was reduced from 154.5 to 103.6 min by the GPSC and from 146.7 to 112.2 min by the APSC. This reduction in the duration of the first meal was accompanied by a reduction in the drop of the ruminal pH during the GPSC, but not during the APSC. Only the APSC increased eating rate of the first meal. Other parameters of this first meal were not affected by both challenges.

Ramirez-Ramirez, H. A., Geis, A. R., Heine, C. S., Clark, K. J., Gehman, A. M. and Kononoff, P. J. 2011. Storage conditions of wet corn distillers' grains with solubles in combination with other feeds and understanding the effects on performance of lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 331-339. Wet distillers' grains are commonly stored in polyethylene silo bags until needed for feeding. The objective of the first experiment was to evaluate the nature of ensiling wet distillers' grains with soluble (WDGS) alone or in combination with other feeds. A 3×4×3 factorial experiment was conducted in which 36 mixtures were made using three loads of distillers' grains stored at varying levels with three feeds (corn silage, ground corn, and brome hay). In all mixtures, the addition of feeds to WDGS increased the pH of stored material. The objective of the second experiment was to evaluate the effects of feeding WDGS on milk production. Twenty Holstein cows were used in a 4×5 Youden square. Prior to initiation of the study, WDGS were stored alone (WDGS) or mixed with either 12% ground corn (DM basis) (WDGS C), 15% brome hay (DM basis) (WDGS H) or 15% corn silage (DM basis) (WDGS CS) in polyethylene silo bags. Animals were assigned to one of five treatments during each 21-d period. A diet not containing WDGS was formulated (Control), along with one containing 30% WDGS (DM basis) (WDGS). Three additional diets, similar to the WDGS treatment, were formulated to include one of the three blends of WDGS with corn (WDGS C), brome hay (WDGS H) or corn silage (WDGS CS). Dry matter intake (DMI) was affected by diet and, compared with Control (21.9 kg d^-1±0.70 kg d^-1), was greater for WDGS (23.8±0.70 kg d^-1) and WDGS C (23.7±0.70 kg d^-1). Milk yield, 3.5% FCM, and fat yield were not affected by treatment. These results suggest that dairy rations can be formulated to include stored WDGS at 30% DM without negative effects on milk production and composition.