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We present a taxonomic study with the description of three new species of ChiraPeckham & Peckham, 1896: C. stolarisp. nov. (♂♀) from Pernambuco, Brazil; C. ivyateneasp. nov. (♂♀) from Misiones, Argentina and Santa Catarina, Brazil; and C. hanagarthisp. nov. (♀) from La Paz, Bolivia; and a tentative identification key for 12 (of 14 known) species of this Central and South American genus. Some misidentifications of C. laneiSoares & Camargo, 1948 and C. lucinaSimon, 1902 are resolved.
A new species of the poorly known mygalomorph genus Strophaeus Ausserer, 1875 is described. The new species, Strophaeus quillacingasp. nov., is described from Nariño, Colombia. It represents the first record of Strophaeus from Colombia, with the genus previously only known from Peru, Brazil, and Panama. This species can be distinguished from other known female congeners by the presence of a higher number of spines on the rastellum and the abdomen dorsally mottled.
In a review from 2005 on ballooning in spiders and other animals, Pholcidae are marked as a “family in which ballooning has been observed”. Here I review the evidence for this, and conclude that there is no reliable data showing that Pholcidae have a behaviour that evolved to function specifically for getting airborne. Ballooning may in fact be absent in a large clade of spiders including Pholcidae (i.e. Haplogynae, or Synspermiata). Other behaviours that share certain characteristics with ballooning and that may accidentally result in airborne specimens occur in Pholcidae: bridging and dropping on a line.
A newly discovered species of Masteria L. Koch, 1873 collected at two Danish tropical hothouses, Masteria boggildisp. n., is described. It is the first member of Dipluridae (curtain-web spiders) known to have established breeding populations in Europe. The new species belong to a subgroup of Masteria species characterized by six eyes, piriform bulb, and short, unevenly sized inner and outer spermathecal lobes. Masteria boggildisp. n. appears most closely related to Neotropical species, particularly to species found in Ecuador. Possible paths to its introduction are suggested.
The type material of Pamphobeteus ultramarinus Schmidt, 1995 and P. vespertinus (Simon, 1889) are redescribed. The male of P. lapolaSherwood, Gabriel, Brescovit & Lucas, 2022 is described for the first time. Six new species are described: P. amazonas Sherwood, Gabriel, Peñaherrera-R., Cisneros-Heredia., León-E., Brescovit & Lucas sp. nov. from Brazil, and P. gangotenai Cisneros-Heredia, Peñaherrera-R., León-E., Sherwood, Gabriel, Brescovit & Lucas, sp. nov., P. jamacoaque Peñaherrera-R., Cisneros-Heredia., León-E., Sherwood, Gabriel, Brescovit & Lucas sp. nov., P. lasjuntas Peñaherrera-R., Cisneros-Heredia., León-E., Sherwood, Gabriel, Brescovit & Lucas sp. nov., P. matildeae Sherwood, Gabriel, Peñaherrera-R., Cisneros-Heredia., León-E., Brescovit & Lucas sp. nov., and P. skis León-E., Peñaherrera-R., Cisneros-Heredia, Sherwood, Gabriel, Brescovit & Lucas sp. nov. from Ecuador. We report, for the first time, the presence of Type III urticating setae in PamphobeteusPocock, 1901. New interpretations of tibial apophysis morphology are presented, alongside a comparison of the palpal bulb morphology of all known male congeners. New distribution and/or museum records are made for P. antinousPocock, 1903, P. crassifemurBertani, Fukushima & Silva, 2008, P. lapola, and P. urvinaeSherwood, Gabriel, Brescovit & Lucas, 2022. Pamphobeteus petersiSchmidt, 2002 is illustrated and transferred to the genus MegaphobemaAusserer, 1875, based on palpal bulb morphology, and proposed as a junior synonym of Megaphobema velvetosoma Schmidt, 1995 syn. nov. Two Costa Rican species currently housed in Megaphobema are found to be misplaced, based on genital, femoral, and stridulation organ morphology, and are transferred to Abdomegaphobemagen. nov., Thus creating the new combinations Abdomegaphobema mesomelas (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1892) comb. nov. and Abdomegaphobema peterklaasi (Schmidt, 1994) comb. nov.
A new species of the genus Pancorius Simon, 1902, P. sebastianisp. n. (♂♀) is diagnosed and described from Western Ghats, India. Detailed description and illustrations of the new species and a map showing the collecting locality of all Indian Pancorius species are provided.
Castianeira monaisp. nov. is described based on specimens from south- western Paraguay and southern Bolivia, the new species has a distribution in Humid Chaco and the Beni Savanna ecoregion. The new species is distinct in embolic morphology with two thicker basal coils and four thinner tapering coils to apex, also the proportions of anterior eyes, the presence of distinct anterior abdominal spines, tibia I ventral spination 3-2 and a bright red abdomen and orange carapace separate this species from Neotropical congeners.
Palaeophonus arctusMatthew, 1895, from the late Carboniferous Fern Ledges of Nova Scotia, Canada, and Palaeophonus lightbodyiKjellesvig-Waering, 1954, from the Silurian of Ludford Lane in England, are problematic names proposed for fossil scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Matthew's name has been widely overlooked in the literature, but features in online resources such as the Paleobiology Database, where it currently extends the stratigraphic range of the genus PalaeophonusThorell & Lindström, 1884 from the Silurian into the Carboniferous. The fossil on which it is based cannot be interpreted with confidence as a scorpion. Kjellesvig-Waering's name is based on an isolated pedipalp chela, which lacks characters justifying its placement in Palaeophonus or any other Palaeozoic scorpion genus. Both names are treated here as nomina dubia. We also take the opportunity to synonymize AllopalaeophonusKjellesvig-Waering, 1986 with Palaeophonus. These two mid-Silurian genera are currently placed in separate infraorders, but the holotype of Allopalaeophonus caledonicus (Hunter, 1886) is very similar in habitus to the type species of Palaeophonus: Palaeophonus nunciusThorell & Lindström, 1884. The single character currently separating the genera, mesosomal sternite shape, is unconvincing.
Two new genera, Bermejoagen. nov. and Isiboroagen. nov. are described to house the species Bermejoa zoeaesp. nov. and Isiboroa hamelaesp. nov., respectively. Two new species of existing genera are also described: Plesiopelma mannisp. nov. and Reversopelma herzogisp. nov.Homoeomma peruvianum (Chamberlin, 1916) and Acanthoscurria sacsayhuaman Ferretti, Ochoa & Chaparro, 2016 from Peru are transferred to Isiboroagen. nov., based on palpal bulb morphology and the absence of a stridulation organ. Consequently, the new combinations Isiboroa peruvianacomb. nov. and Isiboroa sacsayhuamancomb. nov. are proposed.
A new species of large burrowing wolf spider, Zyuzicosa andreiisp. n. (♂), is diagnosed, illustrated, and described based on male specimens collected in Uzbekistan. The dissected embolic division of Zyuzicosa is illustrated for the first time.
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