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Over the last two centuries B.C., Northern Gaul is confronted with a severe socio-political crisis revealed by a phase of considerable urban development. The re-organization of the territory deeply alters the landscape of Belgic Gaul as the signs of actual Gallic city-states emerge. This rapid and complete transformation of society provokes major economic changes, particularly involving meat resources. New butchering methods appear in certain pre-Roman sites, diet seems to become more standardized and the trade of meat and agricultural primary foods occupies a prominent position in the economy both within and between territories. This archaeozoological study of two large urban entities in the Aisne valley (France), the oppida of Villeneuve-Saint-Germain and Condé-sur-Suippe, dating from La Tène D1/D2, reveals differences in meat management and preparation, as well as diet.
Seven centuries before the discovery of the African zebras by the Europeans, the names zebro and zebra were given to an enigmatic equid widely reported in the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages. Roughly 150 toponyms deriving from the words zebro/a have been recorded in Iberia starting from the IXth century A.D. together with 65 Portuguese Forais and 16 Spanish Fueros (i.e. town laws) referred to these animals as onagri or zebros — Latin and Romance etimology respectively — during the XIIth and XIIIth centuries. However, the precise biological nature of the animal remains unclear to this day. Four hypotheses have been put forward to explain the taxonomic status of the zebro: 1) Equus hydruntinus, an extinct onager; 2) the antecessor of the Sorraia horse breed; 3) a modern onager species introduced by the Muslims; and 4) a feral domestic equid, either an ass or a horse. This paper addresses the issue by reviewing the historical and nomenclatural data on the subject, while briefly covering the genetic and archaeozoological evidence that may eventually shed light on the issue.
À la fin de l'Ancien Empire (env. 2700–2140 av. J.-C.) en Égypte, l'économie alimentaire est caractérisée par une agriculture dense dans le delta et la vallée du Nil, ainsi que par un élevage centré sur les bovins, les caprinés et les porcs, accompagné par une importante pêche fluviale. La situation est cependant très différente dans le désert occidental, alors marqué par une forte aridification. Les restes fauniques issus de la résidence des gouverneurs d'Ayn Asil dans l'oasis de Dakhla apportent de nombreux éléments pour comprendre les stratégies d'exploitation animale et les pratiques de consommation dans un environnement semi-désertique aux ressources limitées. L'analyse de ces vestiges provenant de différents secteurs du site montre que les animaux d'élevage, notamment les bœufs, moutons et chèvres sont largement majoritaires. Les activités cynégétiques fournissent toutefois des compléments alimentaires probablement essentiels dans cette région aride. Cette faune sauvage comprend essentiellement de la gazelle dorcas, de l'oryx et du mouflon à manchette. Les pratiques d'élevage attestent d'une consommation de la viande mais aussi du lait, ainsi qu'une utilisation importante des matières dures animales, telles que les os et coquillages, pour l'artisanat local. Associés aux sources textuelles, ces résultats sont proches de ceux des autres sites de l'époque avec toutefois des spécificités propres à cette province oasienne.
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