The current neotype for the name Cucumis acutangulus L. is incorrect according to Art. 9.13 of the ICN, as original material is extant. The name is lectotypified using a specimen from the Linnean herbarium at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm. A second-step lectotypification is proposed for the name Cucurbita umbellata J.G. Klein ex Willd., a heterotypic synonym of Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.

Herein, I propose lectotypes for four species names in Polygonatum (Asparagaceae) published by J.G. Baker. A second-step lectotype is designated for P. cathcartii, and lectotypes for P. griffithii and P. oppositifolium var. decipiens, as well as the “holotype” inadvertently designated for P. hookeri is corrected to lectotype.

Morphological variability in Cyanotis fasciculata over a range of habitats in central and Peninsular India is illustrated and discussed. Cyanotis deccanensis and C. reutiana are synonymized with C. fasciculata. Lectotypes are designated for the names C. decumbens Wight, C. dichrotricha Stocks ex Wight, C. eriantha Hassk., C. fasciculata var. glabrescens C.B. Clarke, C. karliana Hassk., C. lawiana Wight, C. reutiana Beauverd, C. rosea Wight and C. thwaitesii Hassk.

Ornithogalum marivanense Maroofi & Ghaderi sp. nova (subgen. Beryllis) is described and illustrated from the Kurdistan Province in western Iran. It morphologically resembles O. sanandajense, O. brachystachys, O. khuzestanicum and O. arcuatum. Diagnostic characters of O. marivanense are provided along with the illustration and notes on its habitat and phenology. Ornithogalum luschanii and O. kurdicum are reported for the first time from Iran.

The number of species recognised in the group of Pycnarrhena (Menispermaceae) with few-flowered peduncles is expanded from three to eight, largely by recognising species previously reduced to synonymy. In addition, one new species from Thailand, Pycnarrhena heptandra I.M. Turner, is described. A new combination in Pycnarrhena for Telotia nodiflora Pierre is proposed. Four new lectotypifications are included.

The name Limonia crenulata Roxb. was inadvertently typified three times by different authors. Here, I correct one of those typifications to lectotype, based on an original illustration accompanying the protologue.

Morphological variation in Impatiens goughii (Balsaminaceae) from different areas of the southern Western Ghats, India, is studied and discussed, including an amended morphological circumscription of the taxon. An epitype and a lectotype are designated for I. goughii, and I. danii, I. omissa, I. parvifolia and I. raktakesara are synonymized with it. Additionally, lectotypes are designated for I. anamallayensis and I. microtheca.

Primulina malingheensis X.X. Bai, F. Wen & Y.L. Zhou, a new species of Gesneriaceae from a karst area in Guizhou Province, China, is described and illustrated. It morphologically resembles P. leei in the shape of leaves and flowers but differs especially in the densely pubescent and sparsely villous leaf indumentum and much larger, ovate bracts.

Based on barcoding (ITS nrDNA) and morphological studies of specimens deposited in H and OULU, basidiomycetes Rhizopogon evadens and R. ochroleucoides are recorded for the first time for Europe, R. graveolens and R. verii for Finland, and R. mohelnensis for Estonia.

Colea ramiflora Zjhra is an illegitimate name, being a later homonym of C. ramiflora (Decne.) DC. Hence, a new name, Colea madagascariensis Kottaim. is proposed to replace C. ramiflora Zjhra.

For invasive plant species that associate with mutualists, the presence of suitable partners or a lack thereof can be important to invasion success. We studied the effects of site invasion history and soil microbiota on the performance, folivore damage, and resistance to a fungal disease of the invasive legume Lupinus polyphyllus (Fabaceae). We discovered that the plant invader benefited from soil microbes: plants treated with an intact soil inoculum nodulated more than those grown in autoclaved soils, and tended to have higher biomass and a smaller relative investment in roots as compared with that in shoots. However, the origin of soil inoculum (previously invaded, uninvaded) had no effect on the invader's performance, the occurrence of folivory or resistance to fungal disease. Our results indicate that mutualistic associations in soils outweigh potential antagonistic interactions between plants and soil pathogens. Nevertheless, these mutualistic associations are not unique to previously invaded sites in the study area.

Jurinea kozakliensis İlçim sp. nova (Asteraceae) is described from central Anatolia, Turkey. It grows on marly hills in Kozaklı District of Nevşehir Province. It resembles especially J. tortumensis, but differs from it by e.g. much smaller capitula and corolla and distinctly toothed vs. smooth achenes. SEM photographs of the pollen grains of J. kozakliensis are provided.

Herein, we designate lectotypes for the names Aristida quinqueseta Steud., A. redacta Stapf, A. rigescens Roem. & Schult. and Stipa aristoides Stapf ex Lisboa (Poaceae, Aristoideae). Second-step lectotypes are designated for A. hystrix L.f. and A. setacea Retz.

Draconanthes kamentsa Kolan. & Medina Tr. sp. nova (Orchidaceae, Pleurothallidinae) is described from Putumayo Department in southern Colombia. It is morphologically similar to Ecuadorian D. prionota from which it differs by a much-elongated inflorescence and a unique callus on the lip undersurface. A description, illustrations, and an updated key to identification of Draconanthes species are provided. A second record of the recently described Colombian endemic D. chingazaense is reported along with illustrations.

The names Klasea coriacea (Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ex DC.) Holub and K. leptoclada (Bornm. & Sint.) L. Martins (Asteraceae, Cardueae) are lectotypified. The lectotype of K. coriacea is deposited at LE and that of K. leptoclada at B.

The basionym Anplectrum assamicum C.B. Clarke of Pseudodissochaeta assamica (C.B. Clarke) Nayar was published in 1879. However, it was not validly published as per article 36.1 of International Code of Nomenclature, and continuous use of the invalid name in taxonomy creates more invalid names if transferred to other ranks. The name also warrants epitypification to avoid any ambiguity in the application of names. Herein I designate an epitype and discuss some issues in the lectotypification of the name.

A replacement name Pseuderanthemum imlayae R.Kr. Singh is here proposed for the illegitimate P. axillare J.B. Imlay, being a later homonym of P. axillare Leonard.

Trigonella kargilensis K. Mittal, R. Dangi & P. Ingle sp. nova (Trifolieae, Fabaceae) is described and illustrated from Kargil District of Ladakh, India. It belongs in Trigonella sect. Ellipticae and shares several morphological similarities with T. cachemiriana, such as habit, floral features and phenology. However, it differs from it in leaf margin, inflorescence, ovary and legume characters. Phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and plastid trnL-trnF + psbE-petL regions supports the inclusion of T. kargilensis in sect. Ellipticae and its status as a new species.

Silene kurdistanica Maroofi & Attar (Caryophyllaceae, sect. Auriculatae) is described as a new species from Divandarreh (Kurdistan province, Iran). It grows in humid meadows. It is morphologically closest to S. cephalantha, from which it differs in petal colour (pinkish-lilac vs. upper surface white and lower surface yellowish green), and anthophore length and indumentum (2–3.5 mm, glabrous vs. 4–6 mm long, densely puberulent).

Impatiens karuppusamyi P.S.S. Rich. & V. Ravich (Balsaminaceae), a new species from the southern Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu, India, is described and illustrated. It is similar to I. bicornis, but differs from it in having small leaves; 6–8-flowered, short scape; small flower ca. 1 cm across; conical spur that is horizontally straight with an obtuse tip; base of the anterior lobe with two purplish, fleshy and erect auriculate projections to 1 mm long; stout biseriate purplish-blue hairs in front of the mouth; and orange-pinkish pollen grains.

Centaurea osmaniyensis İlçim (Asteraceae) sp. nova is described and illustrated from Bahçe District, Osmaniye Province, Turkey. The species belongs to sect. Cynaroides and morphologically closely resembles C. regia var. cynarocephala, but differs from it by the habit, petiolate leaves, stem and leaf indumentum, capitulum shape, phyllary length, appendage size, terminal spine length and pappus color. The seed and pollen micromorphology are presented, as well as the threat level is evaluated.

Hedychium wangmoense F.J. Mou & X. Hu (Zingiberaceae), a new species from southwest Guizhou Province, China, is described and illustrated, including the information on its phenology, distribution, habitat, and conservation status. Hedychium wangmoense is morphologically most similar to H. forrestii by having involute bracts, large labella and wide lateral staminodes, but can be distinguished from it by its orange-pink and faintly fragrant flowers (vs. white and fragrant flowers), longer corolla tubes, wider lateral staminodes, larger labella, longer stamens, as well as glabrous bracts (vs. pilose bracts). A key to species of Hedychium in China is also provided.

Miliusa majestatis Damth., Sinbumr. & Chaowasku (Annonaceae), a new species from southern Thailand, is described and illustrated. Based on molecular phylogenetic analysis using up to seven plastid DNA regions (matK, ndhF, rbcL and ycf1 exons; trnL intron; psbA-trnH and trnL-trnF intergenic spacers) and including, among others, 35 accessions (representing 34 species) of Miliusa, the new species belongs to one of the four unnamed major clades in the genus. Within that clade and in the genus in general, M. majestatis is unique in having constricted inner petals and small basal openings between adjacent inner petals. Its conservation status is provisionally assessed as Data Deficient (DD).

Onosma deltiphylla Attar, Mirtadz. & Sotoodeh and O. humilis Attar, Sotoodeh & Mirtadz. (Boraginaceae) are described as new species from Iran. Morphologically the closest species to O. deltiphylla are O. microcarpa and O. sabalanica, while O. humilis is very distinct due to its very small size, and its closest relative is believed to be O. nana. Morphological traits distinguishing these species from the congeners include the shape of the leaves under the inflorescence and the size of the corolla.

While studying the angiosperm family Rubiaceae for the flora of West Bengal and adjoining areas in India (Dooars and Darjeeling–Sikkim Himalayas), we came across ambiguities in typifications of several names in Indian Ophiorrhiza. Herein 14 of those names are validated and/or lectotypified.

Curcuma nepalensis M. Sabu, Kasaju & S. Subedi (Zingiberaceae) is described from Surkhet District of Nepal and illustrated. It resembles especially C. aurantiaca in having red bracts, a similar rhizome and yellow flowers, but differs from the latter by its shorter petiole, smaller labellum and white, calcarate anthers.

Artemisia dracunculus subsp. ladakhensis L. Ali, A.A. Khuroo & A.H. Ganie (Asteraceae) is described here as a new subspecies from Nubra Valley, Ladakh (Trans-Himalaya), India. It can be distinguished from A. dracunculus by several characters such as presence of taproot; sessile leaves that are undivided (but occasionally the middle cauline leaves are trilobed), glossy, dark green on both surfaces and with an auriculate base; subglobose capitula; auriculate and glabrous bracteoles; conical, glabrous receptacle; 4-seriate phyllaries, with the outermost phyllary linear-lanceolate; 3–4-dentate marginal female floret corolla; and obovoid achenes.

Poa asperifolia Bor, P. lhasaensis Bor and P. nitidespiculata Bor are lectotypified (second-step lectotypification), as Norman L. Bor cited gatherings rather than a single specimen as their type. Notes are given to clarify the rationale of the second-step lectotypifications.

Allium calyanense Balos & Geçit (Amaryllidaceae) is described as a new species from Van Province, eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Diagnostic characteristics, a comprehensive description, photographs of the species and a distribution map are provided. Based on morphology, it belongs to Allium subgen. Polyprason sect. Scorodon. It resembles A. anacoleum, A. capitellatum and A. microspathum but morphologically differs from them by e.g. bulb size, stem length, leaf sheath, leaf shape, perigon colour, size and colour of outer and inner tepals, and different filaments.

Verbascum ali-nihatii A. Duran sp. nova (Scrophulariaceae) is described from the Sadağı Canyon (Bursa Province) in western Anatolia, Turkey. It is morphologically similar to V. levanticum but differs from it by having taller stems and different basal leaves, corolla, filament, capsule and indumentum. SEM photographs of pollen and seed features are provided. Following IUCN criteria and categories, the new species is assessed as Endangered.

The name Heritiera macrophylla has generally been attributed to Kurz in a publication of 1873. However, two validations of the name were published in 1845. That by Tenore is here adopted as the correct name for the species and a neotype designated. Neotypes also are designated for H. macrophylla Wall. ex Voigt, and H. macrophylla Wall. ex Kurz.

Allium farashinense Balos & Geçit (Amaryllidaceae) is described as a new species from Şırnak Province, eastern Turkey. Diagnostic characteristics, a comprehensive description, images of the species, and a distribution map are provided. Based on morphology, it belongs to Allium subgen. Polyprason sect. Scorodon. It resembles A. anacoleum, A. capitellatum, A. longivaginatum and A. microspathum, but morphologically differs from them by e.g. bulb size, stem length, leaf sheath, leaf shape, perigon colour, outer and inner tepals, and different filaments.

Taraxacum wuqiaense L.Q. Zhao & Aogan sp. nova (Asteraceae) from Xinjiang, China, is described from and illustrated. It morphologically resembles T. syrtorum but differs from it especially in the tubular (vs. ligulate) florets, petiole margin that is sometimes sparsely pilose (vs. glabrous), and sparsely ciliate (vs. densely arachnoid) margin of the outer phyllaries.

Fritillaria ecerii Balos & Eker sp. nova (Liliaceae) is described from the province of Mardin, SE Anatolia, Turkey. It is morphologically similar to F. melananthera in having a striped perigone, to F. caucasica and F. baskilensis in having a long style, and to F. assyriaca in having the same number of leaves. However, it clearly differs from F. melananthera and F. assyriaca mainly by its smooth style, longer filaments and more numerous bracts, and from F. caucasica and F. baskilensis mainly by its striped perigone and more numerous bracts. Diagnostic characteristics, a description, images, and a conservation assessment are provided.

Herein, we discuss the identity, occurrence and recollection of Rubus gardenerianus Kuntze (Rosaceae), an unresolved name of a poorly known species distributed in southern parts of south India and Sri Lanka. We also designate a lectotype for R. gardenerianus.

Linaria birjandensis Hamdi (Plantaginaceae) is described as a new species from South Khorasan Province of Iran. It resembles L. albifrons and L. boushehrensis, but differs from them by longer leaves, inflorescence, pedicel, bracts, and calyx, and by larger corolla and capsule, as well as by having a glandular-hairy (vs. glabrous) stem surface. The species' morphology, testa micromorphology, habitat and distribution are described.

Erythrina anoopsinghii K.C. Mohan (Fabaceae), a new species from the Deccan Plateau (India) is described and illustrated. Morphologically, it resembles E. suberosa and E. carcicola but differs from them in having a greyish brown, corky bark, longer stipules (10–15 mm), simple inflorescence with 20–30 flowers, shorter pedicel (2–2.5 mm), and small curved pod, turgid in the middle, 5–5.8 cm long. A key to the Indian species of Erythrina is provided.

Achnatherum daqinggouense L.Q. Zhao & Yi-ru-gui (Poaceae), a new species from Daqinggou in eastern Inner Mongolia, China, is described and illustrated. Morphologically, it resembles A. pubicalyx and A. extremiorientale, but can be distinguished from them by its densely pilose leaf sheaths, densely white-pilose adaxial surface of leaf blades, paleas being conspicuously shorter than lemmas, and 3.5–4 mm long anthers.

Allium mehmetyaschari Eker sp. nova (Amaryllidaceae) is described as a new species from the Province of Adana, southern Anatolia, Turkey. It is morphologically similar to A. sintenisii and A. erzincanicum in having bearded outer tepals. However, it clearly differs from A. sintenisii by having e.g., smaller bulb, stem and leaves; fewer bulblets; different sheath indumentum; different shape and size of umbel; shorter pedicels; smaller flowers and reproductive organs; different perigone colour; different indumentum structure on outer tepals; smooth inner tepals; and smaller capsule and seeds. It differs from A. erzincanicum mainly in tunic type; leaf structure; densely scabrid sheaths; umbel shape; indumentum shape on outer tepals; smooth inner tepals; ratio of central cup to lateral cups; anther colour; and in having bulblets. Herein, the morphological features, a comprehensive description, habitat and ecological characteristics, detailed images, conservation assessment and micromorphological characteristics of the seeds of A. mehmetyaschari are provided.

Rubus dhauladharensis Chand. Gupta & Vik. Kumar (Rosaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species from Himachal Pradesh, India. It was collected from Palampur in the foothills of the Dhauladhar Range of the western Himalayas. It is assigned to Rubus subgenus Rubus because the drupelets detach together with the receptacle and no cavity is formed in the detached, usually black fruit. It morphologically resembles R. trichogynus and R. titanus but differs from them by having an eglandular plant body, less prickles on branches, stamens longer than pistils, and minutely hairy ovaries and torus. An identification key to Indian species in Rubus subgenus Rubus is provided.