The following new species of Dryinidae are described from Kenya: Anteoninae: Anteon bytebieri, A. copelandi, A. shimbanum, A. whartoni: Dryininae: Dryinus copelandi, D. shimbanus; Gonatopodinae: Gonatopus baginei. The following new species of Embolemidae are described: Ampulicomorpha nzigidaherai, from Burundi and Kenya; Embolemus burundensis, from Burundi. Updated checklists of Dryinidae, Embolemidae and Sclerogibbidae of Kenya and Burundi are presented. Embolemidae are recorded for the first time in Kenya and Burundi. With the above new records, 39 species of Dryinidae, four species of Embolemidae and 12 species of Sclerogibbidae are now known from Kenya, and two species of Dryinidae, three species of Embolemidae and one species of Sclerogibbidae are known from Burundi.
INTRODUCTION
The Dryinidae and Embolemidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) are parasitoids of Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera) (Guglielmino & Olmi 1997, 2006, 2007; Olmi 1996). The Sclerogibbidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) are parasitoids of Embiidina (Olmi 2005a).
Dryinidae were first collected in Kenya in 1945 by the Italian Marquis Saverio Patrizi. His specimens were studied by Benoit (1951b), who described three new species (Neodryinus cerrutii, Platygonatopus luteipes and Gonatopus patrizii) and recorded Platygonatopus ugandanus Benoit, 1951a, for the first time in Kenya.
In the monograph of Olmi (1984) only the following nine species of Dryinidae were listed in Kenya: Anteon gutturnium (Benoit, 1951); Thaumatodryinus townesi Olmi, 1984; Dryinus spangleri Olmi, 1984; Tridryinus ampuliciformis (Turner, 1928); Adryinus cerrutii (Benoit, 1951); Acrodontochelys ugandanus (Benoit, 1951); Gonatopus luteipes (Benoit, 1951); Gonatopus taylori Olmi, 1984; Gonatopus patrizii Benoit, 1951.
There are no published records of Embolemidae from Kenya. In contrast, the first Sclerogibbidae were collected and reared in Kenya by Edward S. Ross as early as 1957. Olmi (2005a) studied Ross's specimens and listed the following five species from Kenya: Caenosclerogibba probethyloides Olmi, 2005, Sclerogibba madegassa Benoit, 1952, Sclerogibba rapax Olmi, 2005, Sclerogibba turneri Richards, 1939, and Sclerogibba vagabunda (Bridwell, 1919).
Burundi is a small country with a poorly known insect fauna. In his revision of world Dryinidae, Olmi (1984) listed a single species from Burundi, Dryinus undulatus (Benoit, 1950). As in Kenya, Embolemidae have not yet been recorded from Burundi. The first specimens of Sclerogibbidae were collected in Burundi in 1958 by Edward S. Ross. They were identified by Olmi (2005a) as Sclerogibba vagabunda (Bridwell, 1919).
In more recent years, occasional collecting by a few researchers in eastern Africa has slowly added to the availability of specimens from these three uncommonly collected families. A large proportion of these specimens came from a programme of Malaisetrapping run by one of us (RSC) between 1998 and 2010 in diverse habitats in Kenya and Burundi. The study of this material has resulted in the discovery of the nine new species described herein and has provided the opportunity to compose a checklist of dryinids, embolemids and sclerogibbids known from Kenya and Burundi.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Townes-style Malaise traps were run in 44 different locations in Kenya (1998–2008), and four sites in Burundi (2009–2010). Generally, traps were maintained in the field for about 6–12 months, with collection bottles changed every two weeks. Specimens were preserved in 75% ethanol. Additionally, we examined Malaise trap collections made by the Taita Biodiversity Project in 11 forests in the Taita Hills, Kenya (1997–1999). Traps in these locations were run for two weeks at a time, or less.
Species descriptions follow the terminology used by Olmi (1984, 1994a, 1996, 1999, 2005a). The measurements reported are relative, except for the total length (head to abdominal tip, without the antennae), which is expressed in millimetres.
In the descriptions POL is the distance between the inner edges of the two lateral ocelli, OL — between the inner edges of a lateral ocellus and the median ocellus, OOL is the distance from the outer edge of a lateral ocellus to the compound eye; OPL — from the posterior edge of a lateral ocellus to the occipital carina, and TL is the distance from the posterior edge of the eye to the occipital carina.
In the figures of male genitalia the right half is not included.
The material studied in this paper is deposited in the following collections:
AEIC —
American Entomological Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA;
AMNH —
American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA;
BMNH —
British Museum of Natural History, London, UK;
CASC —
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA;
DEUW —
Department of Entomology, University of Wageningen, The Netherlands;
EMUS —
Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA;
FAG —
Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de l'État, Gembloux, Belgium;
INECN —
Institut National pour l'Environment et la Conservation de la Nature, Bujumbura, Burundi;
IRSN —
Institut Royal de Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, Belgium;
MCZ —
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA;
MRAC —
Musée Royal Museum de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium;
MRSN —
Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Italy;
MTC —
Michael von Tschirnhaus's collection, c/o Falkultät Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany (now partly deposited in Zoologische Staatssamlung, München, Germany);
NMKE —
National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya;
NMSA —
KwaZulu-Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa;
OLM —
Massimo Olmi's collection, c/o Department of Plant Protection, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy;
RSC —
Robert Copeland's collection;
SANC —
National Collection of Insects, Pretoria, South Africa;
TAMU —
Department of Entomology, Texas A. & M. University, College Station, Texas, USA;
UCRC —
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA;
USNM —
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA.
Achterberg and Kats (2000) considered Ampulicomorpha Ashmead, 1893, and Embolemus Westwood, 1833 (Embolemidae), synonyms. We agree that it is sometimes difficult to assign a male to Ampulicomorpha or Embolemus, because the length and the pigmentation of the veins enclosing the ISDC cell (and mainly the posterior vein, near 1A vein) are sometimes variable (ISDC closed or open is the only character used for separating the males of the two above genera). However, females are not a problem, because they are apterous or micropterous in Embolemus and macropterous in Ampulicomorpha. For the present, we prefer to continue to consider both genera valid, because in most cases they are easily separated. We agree with Achterberg and Kats (2000) that “certainty about this problem will be gained after a thorough analysis of both sexes of the species involved, preferably including DNA analysis”.
TAXONOMY
Family Dryinidae Haliday, 1833
Subfamily Anteoninae Perkins, 1912
Genus Anteon Jurine, 1807
Anteon copelandi Olmi, sp. n.
Fig. 1
Etymology: This species is named after Dr Robert S. Copeland.
Description:
Female.
Fully winged; length 2.5 mm. Head black, except mandibles testaceous; antennae testaceous, except segments 7–10 brown; mesosoma black; gaster brown; legs testaceous, except stalks of hind femora darkened. Antennal segments in following proportions: 13:6:7:4:5:6:6:6:6:7. Head shiny, reticulate rugose; frontal line complete; face with two lateral longitudinal keels around orbits directed towards antennal toruli; occipital carina complete; POL = 7; OL = 6; OOL = 4.5; OPL = 7; TL = 3; greatest breadth of posterior ocelli about as long as TL. Pronotum shiny, rugose; posterior surface very short, shorter than scutum (6:17); pronotal tubercles reaching tegulae. Scutum shiny, reticulate rugose. Notauli absent. Scutellum partly smooth, punctate, without sculpture among punctures, with some areolae. Metanotum shiny, smooth, without sculpture. Propodeum with a strong transverse keel between dorsal and posterior surface; dorsal surface reticulate rugose; posterior surface reticulate rugose, without longitudinal keels, with areolae about as large as those of dorsal surface. Forewing hyaline, without dark transverse bands or spots; distal part of stigmal vein much shorter than proximal part (3:11). Fore tarsal segments in following proportions: 10:2:2:3:12. Basal part of segment 5 of fore tarsus much longer than distal part (10:2). Arolium very large, slightly shorter than basal part of segment 5 of fore tarsus (8:10). Enlarged claw (Fig. 1) with proximal prominence bearing one long bristle. Segment 5 of fore tarsus (Fig. 1) with six proximal and medial bristles; distal apex with group of about five lamellae. Tibial spurs 1, 1, 2.
Male. Unknown.
Holotype: ♀ “KENYA: Coast, Arabuko — Sokoke Forest, 03°25.21′S 39°53.81′E, 29.x-5.xi.1999, Malaise trap, R. Copeland”; [red] “Anteon copelandi sp. n. M. Olmi det. 2010 ♀” (NMKE).
Hosts: Unknown.
Comments: The female of A. copelandi is similar to that of A. natalense Olmi, 1984. The main differences concern the arolium (very large, slightly shorter than segment 5 of fore tarsus (Fig. 1) in A. copelandi; smaller and much shorter than segment 5 of fore tarsus (fig. 240 in Olmi 1984) in A. natalense) and the sculpture of the posterior surface of the propodeum (areolae about as large as those of dorsal surface in A. copelandi, smaller than those of dorsal surface in A. natalense). The new species was compared with the holotype of A. natalense from South Africa, Van Reenen (BMNH).
Figs 1, 2.
(1) Chela of holotype of Anteon copelandi Olmi, sp. n. (scale bar = 0.08 mm); (2) genital armature of male holotype of Anteon whartoni Olmi, sp. n. (scale bar = 0.09 mm).
Anteon whartoni Olmi, sp. n.
Fig. 2
Etymology: This species is named after Dr Robert A. Wharton.
Description:
Male.
Fully winged; length 2.18 mm. Head black, except mandibles testaceous; antennae testaceous; mesosoma black; gaster brown; legs testaceous, except hind coxae and clubs of hind femora partly darkened. Antennae filiform, with hairs longer than breadth of antennal segments; antennal segments in following proportions: 10:7:7.5:7:7:7:7: 7:6.5:10. Head dull, granulated and reticulate rugose; frontal line absent; occipital carina complete; POL = 6; OL = 3; OOL = 4; OPL = 2.5; TL = 3; greatest breadth of posterior ocelli about as long as OL. Scutum shiny, finely punctate, without sculpture among punctures, with surface near anterior margin weakly rugose. Notauli incomplete, reaching about 0.25 length of scutum. Scutellum and metanotum shiny, smooth, without sculpture. Propodeum with a transverse keel between dorsal and posterior surface; dorsal surface reticulate rugose; posterior surface completely reticulate rugose, with left longitudinal keel hardly visible; right longitudinal keel absent. Forewing hyaline, without dark transverse bands or spots; distal part of stigmal vein much shorter than proximal part (3:10). Parameres (Fig. 2) with distal inner rounded process; dorsal membranous process with distal area hairy (Fig. 2). Tibial spurs 1, 1, 2.
Female. Unknown.
Holotype: ♂ “KENYA: Western, Kakamega Forest, 00°14.13′N 34°51.87′E, 4.iii.1999, R. Wharton”; [red] “Anteon whartoni sp. n. M. Olmi det. 2010 ♂” (TAMU, to be deposited in USNM).
Hosts: Unknown.
Comments: The male of A. whartoni is similar to that of A. cautum Olmi, 1994. The main difference concerns the dorsal membranous process of parameres: hairy (Fig. 2) in A. whartoni, hairless (figs 4, 5 in Olmi 1994b) in A. cautum. The new species was compared with the holotype of A. cautum from Madagascar, Berenty (BMNH).
Anteon bytebieri Olmi, sp. n.
Fig. 3
Etymology: This species is named after Dr Benny Bytebier, who directed the Taita Biodiversity Project.
Description:
Female.
Fully winged; length 3.12 mm. Head black, except mandibles testaceous; antennae testaceous; mesosoma black; gaster brown; tegulae testaceous; legs testaceous. Antennae clavate; antennal segments in the following proportions: 13:8:6:5:4.5:6:6:6:6:8. Head dull, strongly reticulate rugose; frontal line present; face without lateral keels; occipital carina complete; POL = 7.5; OL = 4; OOL = 6; OPL = 6; TL = 5; greatest breadth of posterior ocelli shorter than OPL (3:6). Pronotum rugose, with posterior surface shiny and almost completely smooth; posterior surface shorter than scutum (5:18). Scutum shiny, smooth, very weakly granulated. Notauli very short, reaching about 0.25 length of scutum. Scutellum and metanotum shiny, smooth, without sculpture. Mesopleura proximally reticulate rugose, distally smooth, without sculpture. Metapleura rugose, sculptured by many transverse keels. Propodeum with strong transverse keel between dorsal and posterior surface; dorsal surface reticulate rugose; posterior surface reticulate rugose, with two longitudinal keels and with median area sculptured by areolae smaller than those of lateral areas. Forewing hyaline, without dark transverse bands; distal part of stigmal vein much shorter than proximal part (4:9). Fore tarsal segments in following proportions: 8:2:3:4:15. Segments 2 and 3 of fore tarsi produced into a hook. Segment 4 of fore tarsus much shorter than basal part of segment 5 (5:11). Enlarged claw (Fig. 3) with proximal prominence bearing one long bristle. Segment 5 of fore tarsus (Fig. 3) with two rows of 8+9 proximal and medial lamellae; distal apex with group of 4 lamellae. Tibial spurs 1, 1, 2.
Male. Unknown.
Holotype: ♀ “KENYA: Coast, Taita Hills, Mbololo Forest, 03°20.00′S 38°26.85′E, 1550 m, Malaise trap, 5–13.iv.1999, Taita Biodiversity project”; [red] “Anteon bytebieri sp. n. M. Olmi det. 2010 ♀” (NMKE).
Hosts: Unknown.
Comments: The female of A. bytebieri is similar to that of A. inflatrix Benoit, 1951. The main differences concern the shape of segment 5 of the fore tarsus (with many proximal and medial bristles, without lamellae or at most with one lamella, in A. inflatrix (fig. 249 in Olmi 1984); with many proximal and medial lamellae in A. bytebieri (Fig. 3)) and the sculpture of the median area of the posterior surface of the propodeum (with areolae as large as those of lateral areas, in A. inflatrix; with areolae smaller than those of lateral areas in A. bytebieri). The new species was compared with the holotype of A. inflatrix from South Africa, Port St Johns (BMNH).
Anteon shimbanum Olmi, sp. n.
Fig. 4
Etymology: This species is named after the type locality, Shimba Hills National Park.
Description:
Female.
Fully winged; length 4.31 mm. Head black, except mandibles testaceous; antennae testaceous, except segments 6–10 brown; mesosoma black; gaster brown; tegulae testaceous; legs testaceous. Antennal segments in following proportions: 15:6:8:5.5: 6:6:6:6:6:7. Head dull, completely reticulate rugose; frontal line complete; occipital carina complete; POL = 9; OL = 6; OOL = 5; OPL = 8; TL = 3; greatest breadth of posterior ocelli longer than TL (4:3). Pronotum shiny, reticulate rugose, except posterior margin smooth; posterior surface shorter than scutum (9:22); pronotal tubercles reaching tegulae. Scutum dull, granulated and reticulate rugose. Notauli absent. Scutellum shiny, sculptured by large punctures. Metanotum sculptured by large punctures, without sculpture among punctures. Propodeum with a strong transverse keel between dorsal and posterior surface; dorsal surface reticulate rugose; posterior surface reticulate rugose, with two longitudinal keels and median area as rugose as lateral areas. Forewing with a dark transverse band beneath pterostigma; distal part of stigmal vein much shorter than proximal part (3:11). Fore tarsal segments in following proportions: 12:2.5:3:5:13; segment 4 of fore tarsus approximately 0.5 as long as basal part of segment 5 (5:11) and produced into a hook. Enlarged claw (Fig. 4) very long, slightly longer than segment 5, with proximal prominence bearing one long bristle. Segment 5 of fore tarsus (Fig. 4) with basal part much longer than apical part (11:2), with some bristles and six distal lamellae. Arolium very large, about as large as segment 5 of fore tarsus. Tibial spurs 1, 1, 2.
Male. Unknown.
Holotype: ♀ “KENYA: Coast, Shimba Hills National Park, near artificial pond, 04.22752°S:39.43197°E, 335 m, Malaise trap, mixed grassland — shrubland, 27.xii.2005 — 10.i.2006, R. Copeland”; [red] “Anteon shimbanum sp. n. M. Olmi det. 2010 ♀” (NMKE).
Hosts: Unknown.
Comments: The female of A. shimbanum is similar to that of A. rufonigrum Olmi, 1984. The main differences concern the sculpture of the metanotum (sculptured by broad punctures and without sculpture among punctures in A. shimbanum; reticulate rugose in A. rufonigrum) and the colour of the head and mesosoma (black in A. shimbanum; mostly reddish in A. rufonigrum). The new species was compared with the holotype of A. rufonigrum from South Africa, Port St Johns (BMNH).
Figs 4, 5.
(4) Chelae of holotype of Anteon shimbanum Olmi, sp. n. (scale bar = 0.12 mm) and (5) Dryinus shimbanus Olmi, sp. n. (scale bar = 0.21 mm).
Subfamily Dryininae Haliday, 1833
Genus Dryinus Latreille, 1804
Dryinus shimbanus Olmi, sp. n.
Fig. 5
Etymology: This species is named after the type locality, Shimba Hills National Park.
Description:
Female.
Fully winged; length 6.28 mm. Head black, with mandibles testaceous and clypeus brown, except margins testaceous; antennae brown, except segments 1–2 partly testaceous and 8–10 whitish; mesosoma black; gaster brown; legs black, except distal extremity of coxae, proximal half of trochanters, proximal extremity of mid and hind tibiae, segment 2 and part of segment 1 of hind tarsi whitish; chelae, segment 2 and part of segment 1 of mid and hind tarsi testaceous. Antennae clavate; antennal segments in following proportions: 15:7:47:29:22:16:13:12:9:12. Rhinaria present in antennal segments 6–10. Head flat, dull, granulated and sculptured by small areolae and irregular keels; frontal line complete; occipital carina incomplete, only present behind and on sides of posterior ocelli, laterally not reaching eyes; posterior ocelli situated in front of virtual straight line joining posterior edges of eyes; posterior margin of vertex weakly excavated; POL = 3.5; OL = 4; OOL = 10; OPL = 1; temples absent; greatest breadth of posterior ocelli longer than OPL (3.5:1). Pronotum crossed by a strong anterior transverse impression and a strong posterior transverse furrow; disc humped; posterior collar very short; pronotum granulated and sculptured by numerous longitudinal keels and striae; pronotal tubercles not reaching tegulae. Scutum shiny, completely sculptured by numerous irregular, parallel and longitudinal keels. Notauli apparently complete and posteriorly separated, hardly visible among longitudinal keels. Scutellum and metanotum shiny, smooth, punctate, without sculpture among punctures. Propodeum dull, without transverse keels, with dorsal surface reticulate rugose and sculptured by few longitudinal keels; posterior surface reticulate rugose, without longitudinal keels; dorsal surface of propodeum slightly longer than posterior surface (15:10). Forewing with two dark transverse bands; distal part of stigmal vein longer than proximal part (22:14). Fore tarsal segments in following proportions: 28:5:8: 23:37. Enlarged claw (Fig. 5) with large subdistal tooth and one row of 13 lamellae. Segment 5 of fore tarsus (Fig. 5) with two rows of 6+12 lamellae; distal apex with group of at least 20 lamellae. Tibial spurs 1, 1, 2.
Male. Unknown.
Holotype: ♀ “KENYA: Coast, Shimba Hills National Park, near artificial pond, 04.22752°S:39.43197°E, 335 m, Malaise trap, mixed grassland — shrubland, 6–20.vi.2006, R. Copeland”; [red] “Dryinus shimbanus sp. n. M. Olmi det. 2010 ♀” (NMKE).
Hosts: Unknown.
Comments: The female of D. shimbanus is similar to those of D. paulyi Olmi, 1991, grossus Olmi, 2004, orophilus (Benoit, 1950), daviesi Olmi, 2009, yemenensis Olmi & Van Harten, 2006, and erraticus (Turner, 1928). The main difference concerns the occipital carina: incomplete in D. shimbanus, complete in all other species. The new species was compared with the holotypes of the above closest species: D. paulyi from Gabon, Kango (FAG); D. grossus from Madagascar, 18°28.24′S:47°57.36′E (CASC); D. orophilus from Congo, Rutshuru (MRAC); D. daviesi from South Africa, Ngoye Forest (NMSA); D. yemenensis from Yemen, Al Lahima (OLM); D. erraticus from South Africa, Mossel Bay (BMNH).
Dryinus copelandi Olmi, sp. n.
Fig. 6
Etymology: This species is named after Dr Robert S. Copeland.
Description:
Female.
Fully winged; length 5.25 mm. Head black, with mandibles, clypeus and part of genae brown; antennae brown, except segments 7–10 testaceous whitish; mesosoma black; gaster and legs brown. Antennae clavate; antennal segments in following proportions: 11:5:25:9:6:6:6:6:5:9. Head dull, granulated; face sculptured by some irregular keels; occipital carina complete; occiput concave; temples prominent; frontal line complete; POL = 6; OL = 4; OOL = 8; OPL = 2; TL = 1; greatest breadth of posterior ocelli longer than OPL. Pronotum dull, crossed by two weak transverse impressions; anterior collar granulated; lateral regions granulated and partly reticulate rugose; disc granulated; posterior collar very short. Scutum dull, granulated and reticulate rugose. Notauli complete, posteriorly separated; minimum distance between notauli longer than antennal segment 2 (7:5). Scutellum dull, granulated. Metanotum shiny, granulated. Propodeum dull, reticulate rugose, with dorsal surface slightly longer than posterior surface (22:20), without transverse or longitudinal keels. Forewing with two dark transverse bands; distal part of stigmal vein longer than proximal part (17:11). Fore tarsal segments in following proportions: 18:3:5:15:24. Enlarged claw (Fig. 6) with small subdistal tooth and one row of six peg-like hairs. Segment 5 of fore tarsus (Fig. 6) with a row of 13 lamellae; distal apex with group of about 10 lamellae. Tibial spurs 1, 1, 2.
Male. Unknown.
Holotype: ♀ “KENYA: Coast, Arabuko — Sokoke Forest, 03°25.21′S 39°53.81′E, 25–29.vi.1999, Malaise trap, R. Copeland”; [red] “Dryinus copelandi sp. n. M. Olmi det. 2010 ♀” (NMKE).
Hosts: Unknown.
Comments: The female of D. copelandi is similar to that of D. hararianus Olmi, 1987. The main differences concern the temples (shorter than OPL in D. copelandi, longer than OPL in D. hararianus), the notauli (complete in D. copelandi, incomplete and reaching about 0.5–0.6 length of scutum in D. hararianus) and the forewing (with two dark transverse bands in D. copelandi, with three dark transverse bands in D. hararianus). The new species was compared with the holotype of D. hararianus from Zimbabwe, Harare (MCZ).
Subfamily Gonatopodinae Kieffer, 1906
Genus Gonatopus Ljungh, 1810
Gonatopus baginei Olmi, sp. n.
Figs 7–9
Etymology: This species is named after Dr Richard Bagine.
Description:
Female.
Apterous; length 4.62 mm. Head black, except mandibles, clypeus, part of genae and anterior margin of face testaceous; antennae brown, except segment 1 testaceous; mesosoma and gaster black; legs brown, except trochanters, fore tibiae and part of tarsi testaceous reddish. Antennae clavate; antennal segments in following proportions: 10:6:22:12:10:10:9:8:7:12. Head excavated, dull, granulated, with face and vertex rugose; occiput dull, granulated and sculptured by many irregular longitudinal striae; frontal line complete; occipital carina absent; POL = 2; OL = 3; OOL = 13. Palpal formula: 6/3. Pronotum shiny, smooth, without sculpture, crossed by a strong transverse impression. Scutum about twice as long as broad, dull, rugose, with two lateral pointed apophyses situated on the sides of scutellum (Fig. 9). Scutellum shiny, smooth, without sculpture, inclined. Metanotum rugose, not hollow behind scutellum (Fig. 8). Metathorax + propodeum shiny, with track of median longitudinal furrow, with disc and anterior surface partly smooth and partly rugose; posterior surface strongly transversely striate. Mesopleura and metapleura rugose. Meso-metapleural suture thin, distinct and complete. Fore tarsal segments in following proportions: 18:4:6:20:34. Enlarged claw (Fig. 7) with small subapical tooth and one row of eight lamellae in addition to one hair. Segment 5 of fore tarsus (Fig. 7) with two rows of approximately 22 lamellae; distal apex with group of at least 20 lamellae. Tibial spurs 1, 0, 1.
Male. Unknown.
Holotype: ♀ “KENYA: Nyanza, Ungoye Field Station, 00°36.91′S 34°05.52′E, 1147 m, 15–29.i.2005, Malaise trap [Fig. 13], R.S. Copeland”; [red] “Gonatopus baginei sp. n. M. Olmi det. 2010 ♀” (NMKE).
Hosts: Unknown.
Comments: The female of G. baginei is similar to that of G. sensitivus Olmi, 1993. The main differences concern the enlarged claw (with subapical tooth close to distal apex (Fig. 7) in G. baginei, with subapical tooth farther from distal apex (fig. 11 in Olmi 1993) in G. sensitivus) and lateral pointed apophyses of scutum (situated on sides of scutellum (Fig. 9) in G. baginei, situated between scutellum and anterior margin of scutum (fig. 10 in Olmi 1993) in G. sensitivus). The new species was compared with the holotype of G. sensitivus from Madagascar, 7 km SW Ranomafana (USNM).
Figs 7–9.
Holotype of Gonatopus baginei Olmi, sp. n.: (7) chela (scale bar = 0.17 mm); (8) mesosoma in lateral view (scale bar = 0.58 mm); (9) scutum, scutellum and metathorax + propodeum in dorsal view (scale bar = 0.67 mm).
Family Embolemidae Westwood, 1833
Genus Embolemus Westwood, 1833
Embolemus burundensis Olmi, sp. n.
Fig. 10
Etymology: This species is named after Burundi.
Description:
Male.
Fully winged; length 2.06–3.00 mm (holotype 2.06 mm). Holotype with head black, except mouthparts testaceous; antennae brown; mesosoma brown, except prothorax and metanotum testaceous-darkened; gaster brown; petiole and legs testaceous. Paratype with mesosoma black, except prothorax, metanotum and anterior surface of propodeum testaceous-darkened; rest of propodeum and gaster brown. Antennae filiform, not distally thickened; antennal segments in following proportions: 11:3:19:20:18:18: 15:15:14:17. Head shiny, convex, finely hairy, without sculpture, smooth; occipital carina complete; frontal line absent; POL = 1; OL = 2; OOL = 6; OPL = 3; TL = 6; greatest breadth of posterior ocelli longer than POL (3:1). Eyes small, much shorter than head (10:19). Palpal formula: 6/2; third segment of maxillary palpi slender. Pronotum very short, much shorter than scutum (3:17). Scutum shiny, smooth, finely hairy, without sculpture. Notauli very short, hardly visible near anterior margin of scutum. Scutellum shiny, smooth, hairless, without sculpture. Metanotum very short, rugose. Propodeum dull, reticulate rugose, without longitudinal keels; surface near anterior margin smooth, not rugose; dorsal surface with median longitudinal furrow. Fore wing hyaline, not darkened; distal part of stigmal vein longer than proximal part (29:15); first discal cell (IDC) distinctly enclosed by pigmented veins; ISDC not completely enclosed by pigmented veins; posterior vein of ISDC absent. Dorsal membranous process of parameres long, without scales, with hairy (in holotype) or almost hairless (in paratype) distal apex, sculptured by numerous short transverse folds (Fig. 10). Distivolsella with very short distal apex without teeth. Tibial spurs 1, 2, 2.
Female: Unknown.
Holotype: ♀ “BURUNDI: Kibira National Park, 02.93315°S:29.50583°E, 2177 m, Malaise trap, edge of mixed forest/bamboo, near meadow [Fig. 12], 1–15.i.2010, R. Copeland”; [red] “Embolemus burundensis sp. n. M. Olmi det. 2010 ♂” (MRAC).
Paratypes: 1 ♂ same data as the holotype, 18.xii.2009–1.i.2010 (INECN); 1♂ same data as the holotype, 9–23.iv.2010 (OLM).
Hosts: Unknown.
Comments: The male of E. burundensis is similar to those of E. africanus (Risbec, 1957) and E. capensis Olmi, 1997. The main difference concerns the proximal membranous process of the parameres: sculptured by numerous short transverse folds and occasionally with distal margin hairy (Fig. 10) in E. burundensis, not sculptured by numerous short transverse folds and with distal margin hairless (fig. 23 B in Olmi 1996; fig. 14 in Olmi 1997) in E. africanus and E. capensis. The new species was compared with the holotypes of the closest species: E. africanus from Rwanda, Rugege Forest (MRAC), and E. capensis from South Africa, Diepwalle (CNC).
Figs 10, 11.
Male genital armatures of (10) holotype of Embolemus burundensis Olmi, sp. n. (scale bar = 0.06 mm) and (11) paratype of Ampulicomorpha nzigidaherai Olmi, sp. n., from Macha Forest (scale bar = 0.05 mm) (right half removed).
Genus Ampulicomorpha Ashmead, 1893
Ampulicomorpha nzigidaherai Olmi, sp. n.
Figs 11, 15
Etymology: This species is named after Mr Benoit Nzigidahera.
Description:
Female.
Macropterous (Fig. 15); length 3.62–4.68 mm (holotype 4.31 mm). Holotype with head black, except mandibles brown; mouthparts testaceous; antennae brown; mesosoma black; gaster and legs brown. Paratypes with head and mesosoma brown. Antennae filiform, not distally thickened, without rhinaria; antennal segments in following proportions: 50:8:16:16:15:14:14:12:12:17; antennae shorter than body, articulated to two strong frontal processes; antennal toruli very far from upper margin of clypeus. Head pyriform, dull, granulated, covered with dense short hairs; occipital carina complete; ocelli distinct; holotype with POL = 2; OL = 4; OOL = 10; OPL = 4; TL = 14; eyes very small, approximately 0.33x as long as head (10:30); region of frons from clypeus to antennal toruli with two longitudinal and median sutures very convergent, complete and much nearer at antennal toruli than at clypeus; region from anterior ocellus to frontal processes flat, with incomplete frontal line visible near antennal toruli. Paratypes with OL slightly longer than POL (4:3). Palpal formula: 5/2. Third segment of maxillary palpi broadened. Pronotum dull, granulated, covered with dense short hairs, with strong complete median longitudinal furrow; posterior surface of pronotum shorter than scutum (9:23); pronotal tubercles reaching tegulae. Scutum dull, granulated, covered with dense short hairs. Notauli very short, approximately 0.15× length of scutum. Parapsidal furrows distinct. Scutellum dull, granulated, covered with dense, short, fine hairs. Metanotum very reduced, short, transverse, without sculpture. Mesopleura and metapleura dull, granulated. Meso-metapleural suture complete. Propodeum reticulate-rugose, with strong transverse keel between dorsal and posterior surface; dorsal surface of propodeum granulated, with some areolae and irregular keels, with two median longitudinal subparallel keels not forming basal areola at anterior margin of propodeum; posterior surface of propodeum with tracks of two longitudinal keels, with lateral areas reticulate rugose and median area granulated and weakly rugose. Forewing completely darkened, with marginal cell open; distal part of stigmal vein longer than proximal part (26:19); 1DC cell completely enclosed by pigmented veins; 1SDC cell not completely enclosed by pigmented veins; posterior vein of 1SDC cell incomplete. Hind wing completely developed, hyaline. Petiole much shorter than gaster (2:75) and shorter than hind trochanter (2:7). Tibial spurs 1, 2, 2.
Male.
Fully winged; length 2.62–2.81 mm. Head brown, except mandibles and mouthparts testaceous; antennae testaceous-darkened; mesosoma brown, except prothorax testaceous; gaster brown; legs testaceous. Antennae filiform, not distally thickened; antennal segments in following proportions: 13:4:13:13:13:13:12:12:12:15. Head dull, granulated, convex, covered with fine short hairs; occipital carina complete; frontal line absent; POL = 2; OL = 2; OOL = 6; OPL = 4; TL = 5; greatest breadth of posterior ocelli slightly longer than POL (2.5:2); region from anterior ocellus to frontal processes with a short median furrow located near antennal toruli; region of face from clypeus to antennal toruli with two median longitudinal sutures very convergent and nearer at antennal toruli than at clypeus; eyes small, shorter than head (8:18). Palpal formula: 5/2. Pronotum dull, granulated, covered with fine short hairs, with complete median longitudinal furrow; pronotum very short, much shorter than scutum (6:15). Scutum dull, granulated; notauli incomplete, very short and hardly visible near anterior margin of scutum, about 0.15× length of scutum. Scutellum dull, granulated. Metanotum very short, transverse, without sculpture. Propodeum dull, reticulate rugose, with strong transverse keel between dorsal and posterior surface; dorsal surface of propodeum with two subparallel median longitudinal keels forming basal rectangular areola; posterior surface of propodeum reticulate rugose, with two longitudinal keels. Forewing completely darkened; marginal cell open; distal part of stigmal vein slightly longer than proximal part (19:16); 1DC cell completely enclosed by pigmented veins; 1SDC cell not completely enclosed by pigmented veins; posterior vein of 1SDC cell obsolete. Petiole very short, much shorter than gaster (2:44) and hind trochanter (2:5). Parameres without proximal membranous process (Fig. 11). Tibial spurs 1, 2, 2.
Holotype: ♀ “BURUNDI: Kibira National Park, 02.93315°S:29.50583°E, 2177 m, Malaise trap, edge of mixed forest/bamboo, meadow [Fig. 12], 1–15.i.2010, R. Copeland”; [red] “Ampulicomorpha nzigidaherai sp. n. M. Olmi det. 2010 ♀” (MRAC).
Paratypes: KENYA: Coast: 1♀ Taita Hills, Mbololo Forest, 03°20.00′S:38°26.85′E, 1550 m, Malaise trap, 2–9.ix.1998, Taita Biodiversity Project (NMKE); 1♀ Fururu Forest, 03°25.78′S:38°20.30′E, 1680 m, Malaise trap, 24–30.viii.1999, Taita Biodiversity Project (RSC); 1♂ Ngangao Forest, 03°21.239′S:38°17.985′E, 1780 m, Malaise trap, 1–5.ii.1998, Taita Biodiversity Project (OLM); 1♂ Macha Forest, 03°26.81′S:38°21.76′E, 1520 m, Malaise trap, 21–28.iii.1999, Taita Biodiversity Project (RSC); 2♂ Sagalla Forest, 03°30′S:38°35′E, 1500 m, Malaise trap, 10–15.X.1999, Taita Biodiversity Project (NMKE, OLM).
Hosts: Unknown.
Comments: The female of A. nzigidaherai is similar to that of A. forestalls Olmi, 2010. The main difference concerns the sculpture of the dorsal surface of the propodeum: granulated and with some areolae and irregular keels in A. nzigidaherai, strongly reticulate rugose in A. forestalls. The male of A. nzigidaherai is similar to that of A. madecassa Olmi, 1999. The main difference concerns the posterior surface of the propodeum: with two longitudinal keels in A. nzigidaherai, without longitudinal keels in A. madecassa. The new species was compared with the female holotype of A. forestalls from Madagascar, 21°13.57′S:47°22.19′E (CASC) and with a male paratype of A. madecassa from Madagascar, 15°10.42′S:49°38.06′E (OLM).
CHECKLIST OF DRYINIDAE, EMBOLEMIDAE AND SCLEROGIBBIDAE OF KENYA
An asterisk indicates that specimens are known only from Kenya. Provinces are in italics.
Family Dryinidae
Subfamily Aphelopinae
Genus Aphelopus Dalman, 1823: 8
Type species: Dryinus atratus Dalman, 1823, by subsequent designation (Westwood 1840).
Aphelopus himyarita Olmi & Harten, 2006: 312
Distribution: Nyanza: Ungoye Field Station, 00°36.91′S:34°05.52′E, 1147 m, 21.iv–5.v.2005, Malaise trap, R.S. Copeland (NMKE). Western: Kakamega District, Kakamega Forest North, Calebs Campground, about 17 km NE Kakamega, 00°22.175′N:34°53.297′E, 5400 ft [1645.92 m], xi.2001, Manfred Kraemer & Co. (MTC).
Recorded from Yemen (Olmi & Harten 2006), Cameroon, Madagascar, Nigeria and South Africa (new records).
Aphelopus incisus Olmi, 1984: 64
Distribution: Central: Mt Kenya, Ragati, 6800 ft [2072.64 m] (AMNH).
Recorded from Nigeria (Olmi 1984) and South Africa (new record).
Aphelopus mediocarinatus (Benoit, 1951b: 23)
Distribution: Western: Kakamega District, Kakamega Forest, Kisere Forest Reserve, 00°23.730′N:34°53.165′E, 5400 ft [1645.92 m], xi.2001, Manfred Kraemer & Co. (MTC).
Recorded from many Afrotropical countries, including Madagascar (Olmi 1984), in addition to Yemen (Olmi & Harten 2006).
Aphelopus wittei Benoit, 1951b: 16
Distribution: Nyanza: nr Victoria Lake, 15 mls NE of Kisumu (BMNH). Rift Valley: Molo, Turi, 25.x.1998, A. Polaszek (BMNH). Western: Kakamega District, Kakamega Forest, Kisere Forest Reserve, 00°23.73′N: 34°53.165′E, 5400 ft [1645.92 m], xi.2001, Manfred Kraemer & Co. (MTC); Kakamega Forest, 00°14.13′N: 34°51.87′E, 4.iii.1999, R. Wharton (TAMU); Kakamega District, Kakamega Forest (EMUS); Kakamega District, Isecheno Nat. Res., Isecheno, 00°24′N:34°87′E, 1800 m, Malaise trap, R.R Snelling (UCRC, OLM); 27 mi. NE of Kisumu, Kaimosi Mission, 1650 m (CASC).
Recorded from many Afrotropical countries, including Madagascar (Olmi 1984), in addition to Yemen (Olmi & Harten 2000).
Subfamily Anteoninae
Genus Anteon Jurine, 1807: 302
Type species: Anteon jurineanum Latreille, 1809, by monotypy.
Anteon agile Olmi, 1984: 354
Distribution: Western: 27 mi. NE Kisumu, Kaimosi Mission, 1650 m (CASC).
Recorded from Cameroon, Congo and South Africa (Olmi 1984).
Anteon bytebieri Olmi, sp. n.*
Distribution: Coast: Taita Hills, Mbololo Forest, 03°20.00′S 38°26.85′E, 1550 m, Malaise trap, 5–13.iv.1999, R. Copeland coll., Taita Biodiversity project (NMKE).
Anteon copelandi Olmi, sp. n.*
Distribution: Coast: Arabuko—Sokoke Forest, 03°25.21′S:39°53.81′E, 29.x–5.xi. 1999, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE).
Anteon fiorii Olmi, 1984: 362
Distribution: Eastern: Tsavo East National Park, near Athi R, 02°38.51′S:38°21.98′E, 28.xii.1998–1.i.1999, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE).
Recorded from South Africa (Olmi 1984) and Botswana (new record).
Anteon gutturnium (Benoit, 1951c: 162)
Distribution: Coast: Diani Beach, viii.1951, N.L.H. Krauss (BMNH).
Recorded from Congo, South Africa and Uganda (Olmi 1984); known also from Madagascar, Senegal and Tanzania (new records).
Anteon kenyanum Olmi, 1991: 159
Distribution: Western: 27 mi. NE Kisumu, Kaimosi Mission, 1650 m, 29.xi.1957, E.S. Ross & R. E. Leech (CASC).
Recorded also from Ethiopia (new record).
Anteon ngoyense Olmi, 2009: 451
Distribution: Rift Valley: Mount Elgon National Park, Top of Endebess Bluff, 01.06117°N:34.75383°E, 2630 m, Malaise trap, forest edge near small stream, 16–30.i.2006, R. Copeland (NMKE).
Recorded from South Africa (Olmi 2009).
Anteon shimbanum Olmi, sp. n.*
Distribution: Coast: Shimba Hills National Park, near artificial pond, 04.22752°S:39.43197°E, 335 m, Malaise trap, mixed grassland — shrubland, 27.xii.2005–10.i.2006, R. Copeland (NMKE).
Anteon whartoni Olmi, sp. n.*
Distribution: Western: Kakamega Forest, 00°14.13′N:34°51.87′E, 4.iii.1999, R. Wharton (TAMU, to be deposited in USNM).
Anteon zairense Benoit, 1951b: 21
Distribution: Western: Kakamega District, Kakamega Forest, Kisere Forest Reserve, 00°23.730′N:34°53.165′E, 5400 ft [1645.92 m], xi.2001, Manfred Kraemer & Co. (MTC).
Recorded from Congo, South Africa (Olmi 1984); also from Gabon, Madagascar, Zimbabwe (new records).
Subfamily Bocchinae
Genus Bocchus Ashmead, 1893: 91
Type species: Bocchus flavicollis Ashmead, 1893, by original designation.
Bocchus simoni Olmi, 20056: 238
Distribution: Nyanza: Ruma National Park, near Kamato Gate, 00.64725°S:34.33595°E, 1264 m, Malaise trap in open grassland—woodland, 4–18.iii.2006, R. Copeland (NMKE). Rift Valley: Nguruman, near Sampu R., 01.90103°S:36.04804°E, 753 m, Malaise trap, base of Nguruman Escarpment, 8–22.xii.2007, R. Copeland (RSC).
Recorded from Tanzania (Olmi 2005b).
Subfamily Dryininae
Genus Thaumatodryinus Perkins, 1905: 58
Type species: Thaumatodryinus koebelei Perkins, 1905, by original designation.
Thaumatodryinus sokokensis Olmi, 2007: 213*
Thaumatodryinus townesi Olmi, 1984, partim (only male): 692.
Distribution: Coast: Sokoke Forest, 8.v.1976, Ian Bampton (AEIC).
Genus Dryinus Latreille, 1804: 176
Type species: Dryinus formicarius Latreille, 1804, by subsequent monotypy (Latreille 1805).
Dryinus aethiopicus (Olmi, 1984: 1008) (Fig. 14)
Distribution: Nyanza: Ungoye, ICIPE Field Station, 00.61517°S:34.09200°E, 1147 m, Malaise trap, inside seasonally swampy forest, 25.v–8.vi.2006, R. Copeland (NMKE).
Recorded from Central African Republic and Sierra Leone (Olmi 1984).
Dryinus ampuliciformis Turner, 1928: 148
Tridryinus ampuliciformis (Turner): Olmi, 1984: 937.
Distribution: Central: Nairobi, Karen (AEIC, AMNH). Eastern: At Athi R., 02°38.51′S:38°21.98′E, 19–24.vii.1999, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE); Samburu National Reserve, near Ewaso Ng'iro R., 00.56797°N:37.53563°E, 874 m, 10–24.vii.2007, Malaise trap, riverine forest, next to headquarters, R. Copeland (NMKE, OLM, RSC).
Recorded from Botswana, Congo, Namibia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Africa and Uganda (Olmi 1984); known also from Tanzania and Zimbabwe (new records).
Dryinus botswanensis (Olmi, 1991: 284)
Distribution: Coast: Shimba Hills National Park, 04.23783°S:39.39567°E, 436 m, Malaise trap, just inside Makadara Forest, 22.x–5.xi.2008, R. Copeland (NMKE).
Recorded from Botswana (Olmi 1991).
Dryinus copelandi Olmi sp. n.*
Distribution: Coast: Arabuko — Sokoke Forest, 03°25.21′S:39°53.81′E, 25–29.vi.1999, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE).
Dryinus hova (Ceballos, 1936: 53)
Distribution: Eastern: Tsavo National Park, Nutter's Farm, near Athi R., 02°38.51′S:38°21.98′E, 1–4.ii.1999, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE).
Recorded from Madagascar (Ceballos 1936).
Dryinus orophilus (Benoit, 1950: 226)
Distribution: Coast: Shimba Hills National Park, 04.23456°S:39.41687°E, 389 m, Malaise trap, just inside Longomwagandi Forest, 24.ix–8.x.2008, R. Copeland (NMKE). Eastern: Umani Springs camp, nr Chyulu Hills, 02°27.97′S:37°54.80′E, 21–25.xii.1998, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE); Njuki-ini Forest, nr Forest Station, 00.51660°S:37.41843°E, 1455 m, 4.iv–2.v.2007, Malaise trap, just inside indigenous forest, R. Copeland (OLM); Samburu National Reserve, nr Ewaso Ng'iro R., 00.56797°N:37.53563°E, 874 m, 12–26. vi.2007, Malaise trap, riverine forest, next to headquarters, R. Copeland (RSC). Nyanza: Ungoye, ICIPE Field Station, 00.61517°S:34.09200°E, 1147 m, 12–26.ii.2005, Malaise trap, inside seasonally swampy forest, R. Copeland (OLM). Rift Valley: Masai Mara National Reserve, 01.54638°S:35.30672°E, 1756 m, Malaise trap, riverine forest, nr KWS Research Station, 25.vii–8.viii.2008, R. Copeland (RSC); Marich Pass field station, 01.53633°N:35.45800°E, 917 m, Malaise trap, low canopy riverine forest, 18.iv–2.v.2005, R. Copeland (NMKE).
Recorded from Yemen and many Afrotropical countries (Olmi & Harten 2006), in addition to Oman (new record). Not collected in Madagascar.
Dryinus shimbanus Olmi, sp. n.*
Distribution: Coast: Shimba Hills National Park, near artificial pond, 04.22752°S:39.43197°E, 335 m, Malaise trap, mixed grassland — shrubland, 6–20.vi.2006, R. Copeland (NMKE).
Dryinus spangleri Olmi, 1984: 762
Distribution: Coast: Mombasa (USNM).
Recorded from Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe (Olmi 2004).
Dryinus undulatus (Benoit, 1950: 226)
Distribution: Rift Valley: Ol Pejeta Conservancy, 00.04364°N:36.97554°E, 1825 m, Malaise trap, near Pelican Hse, next to Euclea stand, 13–27.i.2006, R. Copeland (NMKE).
Recorded also from Burundi, Congo, Mozambique and Uganda (Olmi 2004).
Subfamily Gonatopodinae
Genus Adryinus Olmi, 1984: 1126
Type species: Neodryinus cerrutii Benoit, 1951, by original designation.
Adryinus cerrutii (Benoit, 1951b: 17)
Distribution: Central: Nairobi, iii.1945, S. Patrizi (MRAC).
Recorded from Zimbabwe (Olmi 1984).
Genus Gonatopus Ljungh, 1810: 161
Type species: Gonatopus formicarius Ljungh, 1810, by monotypy.
Gonatopus acuminatus Olmi, 1984: 1324
Distribution: Coast: Shimba Hills National Park, 04.23456°S:39.41687°E, 389 m, Malaise trap, just inside Longomwagandi Forest, 19.xi–3.xii.2008, R. Copeland (NMKE).
Recorded from Congo (Olmi 1984).
Gonatopus baginei Olmi, sp. n.*
Distribution: Nyanza: Ungoye Field Station, 00°36.91′S:34°05.52′E, 1147 m, 15-29.i.2005, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE).
Gonatopus bekilyanus (Benoit, 1953: 394)
Distribution: Central: Mt Kenya (DEUW).
Recorded from Madagascar, Mozambique and South Africa (Olmi 2004).
Gonatopus communis Olmi, 1984: 1610
Distribution: Western: Kakamega District, Kakamega Forest, 00°22.12′N:34°51.48′E, 628 m, 5.v.2006, Manfred Kraemer & Co. (MTC).
Recorded from Congo, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa and Tanzania (Olmi 2004).
Gonatopus hyalinus Olmi, 1984: 1607
Distribution: Central: Nairobi, Embakasi Forest, 24.ii.1975, W.R.B. Hynd (BMNH).
Recorded from South Africa (Olmi 1984).
Gonatopus luteipes (Benoit, 1951b: 19)
Platygonatopus luteipes Benoit, 1951b: 19.
Distribution: Rift Valley: Olgasalic (= Olorgesailie), iv.1945, S. Patrizi (MRAC).
Recorded from Namibia (Olmi 1984).
Gonatopus meridionalis (Benoit, 1953: 391)
Distribution: Central: Gatamayu Forest, 00°58.68′S:36°41.62′E, near fishing camp, 20–30.i.1999, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE); Nairobi, ICIPE Research Station, 01°17′S:36°49′E, 24.v.2001, sweeping tall grass, M. Stiller (SANC).
Recorded from Congo, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Rwanda and South Africa (Ponomarenko & Olmi 2006).
Gonatopus nearcticus (Fenton, 1927: 6)
Platygonatopus ugandanus Benoit, 1951a: 300.
Acrodontochelys ugandanus (Benoit): Olmi 1984: 1174.
Distribution: Central: Nairobi (MRSN); Nanyuki, Mount Kenya Safari Club (EMUS). Rift Valley: Subukia, 00°0.429′N:36°14.523′E, 24.iii–11.iv.2010, Dupont & Braet (FAG); Olgasalic (= Olorgesailie) (MRAC).
Recorded from many countries of the Palaearctic, Afrotropical and Nearctic regions (Olmi 1999). Not collected in Madagascar.
Gonatopus patrizii Benoit, 1951b: 20
Distribution: Central: Nairobi, iv.1945, S. Patrizi (MRAC). Eastern: Kirimiri Hill, 00°25.45′S:37°32.71′E, 1745 m, 16–29.iii.2005, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE).
Recorded from South Africa (Olmi 1984).
Gonatopus similis Brues, 1906: 107
Distribution: Rift Valley: Nguruman, Oloibortoto River irrigation scheme, 01°48′S:36°04′E, 12–16.vi.1999, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE). Recorded from The Gambia, Réunion, Lesotho, Mauritius, Mozambique and South Africa (Olmi 1998).
Gonatopus somerseti (Olmi, 1984: 1345)
Distribution: North Eastern: Kora (AMNH).
Recorded from South Africa (Olmi 1984).
Gonatopus taylori Olmi, 1984: 1628
Distribution: Eastern: Kilbwezi (CASC).
Recorded from Botswana, Ethiopia, South Africa and Uganda (Ponomarenko and Olmi 2006).
Gonatopus upembanus Olmi, 1984: 1628
Distribution: Eastern: near Ewaso Ngiro R. opposite Archer's Post, 00°38.1′N:37°40.4′E, 2xii.2002, W.J. Pulawski (CASC).
Recorded from Congo (Olmi 1984).
Family Embolemidae
Genus Ampulicomorpha Ashmead, 1893: 79
Type species: Ampulicomorpha confusa Ashmead, 1893, by original designation.
Ampulicomorpha magna Olmi, 1996: 102
Distribution: Central: Nairobi, NMK compound, 9–17.ix.1992, Malaise trap, Ali Ibrahim (BMNH).
Recorded from South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe (Olmi 1996); known also from Gabon and Malawi (new records).
Ampulicomorpha nzigidaherai Olmi, sp. n. (Fig. 15)
Distribution: Coast: Taita Hills, Mbololo Forest, 03°20.00′S:38°26.85′E, 1550 m, Malaise trap, 2–9.ix.1998, Taita Biodiversity Project (NMKE); Taita Hills, Fururu Forest, 03°25.78′S:38°20.30′E, 1680 m, Malaise trap, 24–30.viii.1999, Taita Biodiversity Project (RSC); Taita Hills, Ngangao Forest, 03°21.239′S: 38°17.985′E, 1780 m, Malaise trap, 1–5.ii.1998, Taita Biodiversity Project (OLM); Taita Hills, Macha Forest, 03°26.81′S:38°21.76′E, 1520 m, Malaise trap, 21–28.iii.1999, Taita Biodiversity Project (RSC); Taita Hills, Sagalla Forest, 03°30′S:38°35′E, 1500 m, Malaise trap, 10–15.x.1999, Taita Biodiversity Project (NMKE, OLM).
Recorded also from Burundi.
Genus Embolemus Westwood, 1833: 444
Type species: Embolemus ruddii Westwood, 1833, by monotypy.
Embolemus capensis Olmi, 1997: 141
Distribution: Central: Gatamayu Forest, 00°58.68′S:36°41.62′E, near fishing camp, 20–30.i.1999, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE); Nairobi, Kitisuru Road, 6–14.xii. 1998, gallery forest, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE, RSC); Runda Estate, 13.xi.1997, Malaise trap, Overholt (TAMU). Rift Valley: Saiwa Swamp National Park, near campsite, 01.09417°N:35.11833°E, 1882 m, Malaise trap, next to upland swamp, 21.v– 4.vi.2006, R. Copeland (NMKE, OLM).
Recorded from South Africa (Olmi 1997); known also from Burundi, Madagascar, São Tomé and Principe (new records).
Embolemus harteni Olmi, 1997: 137
Distribution: Nyanza: Ungoye Field Station, 00°36.91′S:34°05.52′E, 1147 m, 21.iv–5.v.2005, Malaise trap, R.S. Copeland (NMKE, OLM); Gwasi Hill, Ungoye side, 00°61.67′S:34°10.17′E, c. 1500 m, Malaise trap, near hilltop next to indigenous forest, 20.x–3.xi.2005, R. Copeland (NMKE, RSC); Rift Valley: Nguruman, near Sampu R., 01.90103°S:36.04804°E, 753 m, Malaise trap, near base of Nguruman escarpment, 4–18. viii.2007, R. Copeland (NMKE).
Recorded from Yemen (Olmi 1997).
Family Sclerogibbidae
Genus Caenosclerogibba Yasumatsu, 1958: 21
Type species: Caenosclerogibba japonica Yasumatsu, 1958, by monotypy and original designation.
Caenosclerogibba probethyloides Olmi, 2005a: 87
Distribution: Coast: 10 mi. NW Mombasa, 24.xi.1957, 3.xii.1957, ex Oligotoma saundersii (Westwood), E.S. Ross (CASC).
Hosts in Kenya: Oligotoma saundersii (Westwood) (Olmi 2005a).
Recorded from many Afrotropical countries, in addition to Yemen (Olmi 2005a).
Genus Probethylus Ashmead, 1902: 270
Type species: Probethylus schwarzi Ashmead, 1902, by monotypy and original designation.
Probethylus callani Richards, 1939: 95
Distribution: Rift Valley: Nguruman, Oloibortoto R. irrigation scheme, S. Pukare farm, 11–29.ii.1999, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE).
Recorded from many Nearctic, Neotropical and Afrotropical countries (Olmi 2005a).
Genus Sclerogibba Riggio & De Stefani-Perez, 1888: 19
Type species: Sclerogibba crassifemorata Riggio & De Stefani-Perez, 1888, by monotypy.
Sclerogibba berlandi Benoit, 1963: 83
Distribution: Eastern: at Athi R., 02°38.51′S:38°21.98′E, 24–27.v.1999, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE).
Recorded from many Palaearctic, Afrotropical and Oriental countries (Olmi 2005a).
Sclerogibba crassifemorata Riggio & De Stefani-Perez, 1888: 146
Distribution: Eastern: Tsavo National Park, Nutter's Farm, near Athi R., 02°38.51′S:38°21.98′E, 4–8.i.1999, 18–21.i.1999, 29.iii–1.iv.1999, 24–27.v.1999, 26–29.vi.1999, 16–23.viii.1999, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE, OLM, RSC); Samburu Nat. Res., near Ewaso Ng'iro R., 00.56797°N:37.53563°E, 874 m, 7– 21.viii.2007, riverine forest, near Hdqtrs., Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE). Nyanza: Gembe Hills, 00.4893°S:34.2433°E, 1362 m, 12–26.ii.2005, 23.v–6.vi.2005, Malaise trap, near riverine woodland remnant, R. Copeland (NMKE, RSC); Ruma National Park, near Kamato Gate, 00.64725°S:34.33595°E, 1264 m, 4–18.ii.2006, Malaise trap, in open grassland/woodland, R. Copeland (NMKE, OLM, RSC). Rift Valley: Marich Pass, 01°32.18′N:35°27.48′E, 917 m, 23.i–6.ii.2005, 6–20.ii.2005, 20.ii–6.iii.2005, 6–20.iii.2005, 20.iii.4.iv.2005, 4–18.iv.2005, 18.iv–2.v.2005, 2–16.v.2005, 30.v–12.vi.2005, 26.vi–10.vii.2005, 24.vii–7.viii.2005, 7–21.viii.2005, 21.viii–4.ix.2005, Malaise trap, low canopy riverine forest, R. Copeland (NMKE, OLM, RSC); Chyulu Hills, Ol Donyo Wuas, 02°50.222′S:37°75.343′E, 1200 m, 10–17.vi.2006, 17–24.vi.2006, 15–22.vii.2006, Malaise trap in Acacia tortilis woodland, R. Copeland (NMKE, OLM, RSC); Tsavo West National Park, 02.99615°S:38.45988°E, 464 m, 12–26.viii.2008, 7–21.x.2008, 4–18.xi.2008, Malaise trap, bank of Tsavo R., riverine woodland, R. Copeland (NMKE, OLM, RSC).
Recorded from many Palaearctic and Afrotropical countries (Olmi 2005a).
Sclerogibba impressa Olmi, 2005a: 149
Distribution: Eastern: Tsavo East National Park, near Athi R., Nutter's Farm, 02°38.51′S:38°21.98′E, 4–8.1.1999, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE).
Recorded from many Afrotropical and Oriental countries (Olmi 2005a).
Sclerogibba madegassa Benoit, 1952: 181
Distribution: Eastern: Marsabit, Matured 24.i.1970. Ex Terat, E.S. Ross (CASC). Nyanza: Gembe Hills, 00°29.36′S:34°14.60′E, 22–29.ii.2005, 12–26.ii.2005, 28.iii–11.iv.2005, 11–25.iv.2005, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE, OLM, RSC).
Hosts in Kenya: unidentified Teratembiidae (Olmi 2005a).
Recorded from many Afrotropical and Oriental countries (Olmi 2005a).
Sclerogibba magrettii (Kieffer, 1913: 107) (Figs 16, 17)
Distribution: Nyanza: Got Rabour, foothills of Gembe Hills, 00.49298°S:34.18918°E, 1361 m, Malaise trap, mixed grassland/woodland, 27.iv–11.v.2006, 11–25.v.2006, 6–20.vii.2006, R. Copeland (NMKE, OLM). Rift Valley: Tsavo West National Park, 02.99615°S:38.45988°E, 464 m, 9–23.ix.2008, 2–16.xii.2008, Malaise trap, bank of Tsavo R., riverine woodland, R. Copeland (NMKE, RSC); Chyulu Hills, Ol Donyo Wuas, 02.50222°S:37.75343°E, 1200 m, 24.vi–1.vii.2006, 1–8.vii.2006, 8–15.vii.2006, 15–22.vii.2006, Malaise trap in Acacia tortilis woodland, R. Copeland (NMKE, OLM, RSC).
Recorded from many Palaearctic, Afrotropical and Oriental countries (Olmi 2005a).
Sclerogibba rapax Olmi, 2005a: 160
Distribution: Coast: 10 mi. S Maktau, 28.xii.1957, Ex “Dictyoploca” burensis, E.S. Ross (CASC). Nyanza: Gembe Hills, 00.4893°S:34.2433°E, 1362 m, 5–12.ii.2005, 6–20.vi.2005, Malaise trap, near riverine woodland remnant, R. Copeland (NMKE, RSC). Hosts in Kenya: Dictyoploca burensis (Olmi 2005a).
Recorded from many Afrotropical and Oriental countries (Olmi 2005a).
Sclerogibba rufithorax (Cameron, 1904: 141)
Distribution: Eastern: Tsavo National Park, near Athi R., Nutter's Farm, 02°38.51′S:38°21.98′E, 4–8.i.1999, 29.iii–1.iv.1999, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE, RSC).
Recorded from many Afrotropical, Oriental and Australian countries (Olmi 2005a).
Sclerogibba talpiformis Benoit, 1950: 133
Distribution: Nyanza: Got Rabour, foothills of Gembe Hills, 00.49298°S:34.18918°E, 1361 m, Malaise trap, mixed grassland/woodland, 27.iv–11.v.2006, 11–25.v.2006, 25.v–8.vi.2006, 6–20.vii.2006, R. Copeland (NMKE, OLM, RSC). Rift Valley: Lake Nakuru National Park, 00.47203°S:36.06388°E, 1908 m, 6–20.i.2006, Malaise trap, mixed Olea, Cussonia, Vepris, R. Copeland (NMKE, OLM); Marich Pass field station, 01.53633°N:35.45800°E, 917 m, 20.iii–4.iv.2005, 4–18.iv.2005, 18.iv–2.v.2005, 30.v–12.vi.2005, 26.vi–10.vii.2005, 24.vii–7.viii.2005, 7–21.viii.2005, 21.viii–4.ix.2005, Malaise trap, low canopy riverine forest, R. Copeland (NMKE, OLM, RSC).
Recorded also from many countries of the world, excluding the Australian region (Olmi 2005a).
Sclerogibba turneri Richards, 1939: 222
Distribution: Coast: 9 mi. E Tävetä, Matured 17.xii.1957, ex Cephalembia sjostedti, E.S. Ross (CASC); Kwale, 2.xii.1957, 6.ii.1958, ex Rhagadochir vosseleri, E.S. Ross. (CASC); Kwale, Cha Shimba Forest, matured 23.xi.1957, ex Rhagadochir, E.S. Ross (CASC); same locality label, 27.xi.1957, ex Rhagadochir vosseleri, E.S. Ross (CASC). Rift Valley: 23 mi. E Namanga, 3700′ [1126.76 m], 10.i.1970, ex culture of adult Cephalembia female, 16.iii.1970 at S. F., E.S. Ross (CASC).
Hosts in Kenya: Cephalembia sjostedti, Rhagadochir vosseleri (Enderlein) (Olmi 2005a).
Recorded from Angola, Botswana and South Africa (Olmi 2005a).
Sclerogibba vagabunda (Bridwell, 1919: 36)
Distribution: Coast: 10 mi. S Maktau, 27.xii.1957, ex Cephalembia, E.S. Ross (CASC). Eastern: Tsavo East National Park, Nutter's Farm, nr Athi R., 02°38.51′S:38°21.98′E, 7–11.xii.1998, 28.xii.1998–1.i.1999, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (BMNH); same locality, 7–11.xii.1998, 18–21.i.1999 (NMKE, OLM); 10 mi. N Laisamis, 1750′ [533.4 m], matured 14.i.1970, ex small, pale Chirembia n. sp., E.S. Ross (CASC); 5 mi. S Isiolo, 1200 m, 28.1.1958, ex Gnathembia n. sp., E.S. Ross (CASC); same locality label, 16.i.1958, ex Navasiella, E.S. Ross (CASC); same locality, matured 1.ii.1958, ex Chirembia, E.S. Ross (CASC); 7 mi. S Isiolo, matured 26.i.1958, ex Chirembia, E.S. Ross (CASC). Nyanza: Gembe Hills, 00°29.36′S:34°14.60′E, 29.i–5. ii.2005, 12–26.ii.2005, 28.iii–11.iv.2005, 11–25.iv.2005, Malaise trap, R. Copeland (NMKE, OLM, RSC).
Hosts in Kenya: Chirembia sp., Gnathembia sp., Navasiella sp., Cephalembia sp. (Olmi 2005a). Recorded from many countries of the world, excluding the Neotropical Region (Olmi 2005a).
CHECKLIST OF DRYINIDAE, EMBOLEMIDAE AND SCLEROGIBBIDAE OF BURUNDI
Asterisk indicates that specimens are known only from Burundi.
Family Dryinidae
Subfamily Aphelopinae
Genus Aphelopus Dalman, 1823: 8
Type species: Dryinus atratus Dalman, 1823, by subsequent designation (Westwood 1840).
Aphelopus wittei Benoit, 1951b: 16
Distribution: Muyange, 2100 m, 11.viii.1948 (IRSN).
Recorded from many Afrotropical countries (Olmi 1984), in addition to Yemen (Olmi & Harten 2000).
Subfamily Dryininae
Genus Dryinus Latreille, 1804: 176
Type species: Dryinus formicarius Latreille, 1804, by subsequent monotypy (Latreille 1805).
Dryinus undulatus (Benoit, 1950: 226)
Distribution: Bururi (CASC).
Recorded from Congo, Kenya, Mozambique and Uganda (Olmi 2004).
Family Embolemidae
Genus Ampulicomorpha Ashmead, 1893: 79
Type species: Ampulicomorpha confusa Ashmead, 1893, by original designation.
Ampulicomorpha nzigidaherai Olmi, sp. n.
Distribution: Kibira National Park, 02.93315°S:29.50583°E, 2177 m, Malaise trap, edge of mixed forest/ bamboo, meadow, 1–15.i.2010, R. Copeland (MRAC).
Recorded also from Kenya.
Genus Embolemus Westwood, 1833: 444
Type species: Embolemus ruddii Westwood, 1833, by monotypy.
Embolemus burundensis Olmi, sp. n.*
Distribution: Kibira National Park, 02.93315°S:29.50583°E, 2177 m, Malaise trap, edge of mixed forest/ bamboo, near meadow, 1–15.i.2010, R. Copeland (MRAC); same locality label, 18.xii.2009–1.i.2010 (INECN); same locality label, 9–23.iv.2010 (OLM).
Embolemus capensis Olmi, 1997: 141
Distribution: Kibira National Park, 02.93315°S:29.50583°E, 2177 m, Malaise trap, edge of mixed forest/ bamboo, near meadow, 15–29.i.2010, R. Copeland (NMKE).
Recorded from South Africa (Olmi 1997); known also from Kenya, Madagascar, São Tomé and Principe (new records).
Family Sclerogibbidae
Genus Sclerogibba Riggio & De Stefani-Perez, 1888: 19
Type species: Sclerogibba crassifemorata Riggio & De Stefani-Perez, 1888, by monotypy.
Sclerogibba vagabunda (Bridwell, 1919: 36)
Distribution: Urundi, 13 mi. SE Bururi, 1850 m, matured 20.ii.1958, 24.v.1958, ex Teratembiidae, E.S. Ross (CASC).
Hosts in Burundi: Teratembiidae (Olmi 2005a).
Recorded from many countries of the world, excluding the Neotropical Region (Olmi 2005a).
DISCUSSION
The checklists of the Dryinidae, Embolemidae and Sclerogibbidae of Kenya and Burundi presented in this paper include 39 species of Dryinidae, four species of Embolemidae and 12 species of Sclerogibbidae known from Kenya; two species of Dryinidae, three species of Embolemidae and one species of Sclerogibbidae known from Burundi. Embolemidae are recorded for the first time from Kenya and Burundi. Seven new species of Dryinidae and two new species of Embolemidae are described.
Table 1 summarizes data on the geographic distribution of currently known Kenyan species of Dryinidae, Embolemidae and Sclerogibbidae. Ten (26%) of the Kenyan dryinid species are restricted to Eastern Africa, all but two of these Kenyan endemics. Outside eastern Africa, the Kenyan fauna has its closest affinity with that of southern Africa, with 10 (26%) species known elsewhere on the continent only from that region, and a further 16 (41%) known from there and other areas. A single species represents a new continental record, being previously known only from Madagascar. Nine other species with large continental distributions have also been collected on Madagascar (8) or other Indian Ocean islands (1): they were excluded from table 1. African Embolemidae are too rarely collected to say much about. Two Kenyan species occur in southern Africa and one of these is also found in Madagascar. One species was formerly known only from Yemen. The sclerogibbid species are widespread, virtually all of them being found throughout continental Africa and one extending into western Asia.
TABLE 1
Geographic distribution of Kenyan Dryinidae, Embolemidae and Sclerogibbidae.
TABLE 2
Within-country distribution of newly described species and species previously collected in Kenya.1
Table 2 presents the distribution of species previously recorded from Kenya and of new species reported in this paper. Previously reported dryinid species were distributed relatively evenly across provinces. However, new species were disproportionally sampled in traps set in Coast Province sites. All Malaise trap in Coast Province were in, or alongside, low altitude indigenous forests on the Kenyan coast or in the Eastern Arc Mountains of the Taita Hills, and all were within biodiversity hotspot areas; either the Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa or the Eastern Afromontane hotspots (Conservation International 2007). Of the new dryinid species from Malaise traps, five (87%) were from traps set in the Coast Province. In addition, the single new species of Embolemidae was also collected there. Coast Province sites accounted for about 14% (n=249 sampling months) of Malaise trap sampling effort, while providing 86% (n=7) of undescribed species from Malaise traps and 75% (8) of new species overall (Table 2). These data suggest that for these two families, at least, and probably for other forest-dependent species, Coast Province forests have been under-sampled. A more rigorous survey in this region, particularly in the Taita Hills, would probably reward the effort.
In contrast with the Dryinidae, the Sclerogibbidae were concentrated in the drier habitats of the Eastern, Rift Valley and Nyanza Provinces and were absent from collections in the Central, Coast and Western Provinces, where traps were set primarily in wet forest habitat. Interestingly, four of the five sclerogibbid species known previously from Kenya had been reared from Embiidina collected in Coast Province (and elsewhere). However, only one of these species, Sclerogibba turneri, appears to have been collected in a wet, forested area.
TABLE 3
Generic summary of Kenyan Dryinidae, Embolemidae, and Sclerogibbidae.
Malaise trapping had a marked effect on our knowledge of the Kenyan fauna, both in terms of the geographic distribution of previously known species and in the collection of previously undescribed species. Including newly described species, Malaise trap specimens were responsible for a 73% increase in the number of dryinid species and a 100% increase in embolemids recorded from Kenya (Table 3). Knowledge of the dryinid genera Anteon and Dryinus and the sclerogibbid genus Sclerogibba was particularly impacted by Malaise trapping. Overall, our recent Malaise trap collections are responsible for 47% of the 55 species of Dryinidae, Embolemidae and Sclerogibbidae currently known from Kenya.
Although Malaise trapping was an important method for the discovery of new species and for generating biogeographical data on wasps, it should be noted that this collection method had mixed success in recollecting species previously recorded from Kenya (Table 3). While 60% of sclerogibbid species were recollected, only 23% of the previously known 22 dryinid species turned up in our Malaise samples. This might reflect the fact that most of our trapping sites were located outside forested areas. Nonetheless, our data suggest that for the Dryinidae, at least, thorough surveying will require multiple sampling techniques.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many thanks to the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), and in particular to Dr Richard Bagine, the KWS Head of Research, for permission to sample in Kenyan national parks and reserves, and for his continuing support. Thanks also to staff of the National Museums of Kenya, especially Dr Helida Oyieke, for support with collection management and for permission to examine Malaise trap samples collected 1997–1999 in Taita Hills, Kenya, by the Taita Biodiversity Project. We also thank Benoit Nzigidahera, Chief of Research, Institut National pour l'Environnement et la Conservation de la Nature (INECN), Burundi, for permission to sample in Kibira National Park, Adelin Ntungumburanye, Director General of INECN for permission to export insects, and Evariste Nkubaye, Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi, for help with field work.
