Eriosoma lanigerum, woolly apple aphid (WAA), is an important pest of apples in the Western Cape province of South Africa and in other apple-growing areas of the world. The aphid forms densely packed colonies covered with white, waxy, filamentous secretions, on the above-ground parts and on the roots of apple trees. The management of WAA primarily entails the use of resistant rootstocks, chemical and biological control, or the integration of all three strategies. Although Aphelinus mali is a specialised parasitoid of WAA, its level of control has been reported to be unsatisfactory as its parasitism is confined to the above-ground populations of WAA. Entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi that are important natural biological control agents of many insects and other arthropods are used to control a wide range of soilborne insects. The successful applications of these entomopathogens to control other soilborne insects raise the possibility of using them to target the subterranean populations of WAA. The review represents a combination of previous and current information on management practices for the control of WAA and the potential of integrating biocontrol agents such as entomopathogenic nematodes and entomopathogenic fungi in a pest management system.

Intensification of agriculture can have spin-offs on surrounding areas and ecosystems. There is a necessity to pursue sustainable agricultural practices to meet the increasing demand for food production while aligning with international conservation targets. Arthropod pest control techniques in Cape Floristic Region pome orchards, South Africa, that preserve biodiversity while simultaneously controlling pests, are reviewed here. Emphasis is placed on the chronic pests: Mediteranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) (Wiedemann), Natal fruit fly (Ceratitis rosa) (Karsch) and codling moth (Cydia pomonella) (L.), while other sporadic and perennial pests are also considered. Biological control (biocontrol) is an important, sustainable pest control measure. However, certain risks associated with releasing living organisms into the environment must not be ignored. Monitoring of release programmes is essential. The sterile insect technique (SIT) offers a species-specific approach for controlling pests. However, the technique is research and management intensive. Globally SIT has shown great success, but lack of financial support has limited SIT uptake in SouthAfricanpomefruit orchards. SIT has shown increased effectiveness as an integrated technique, particularly with parasitoid release and pheromone-based mating disruption. Habitat management, the preservation of natural vegetation and use of beneficial plant species increases crop resilience, encourages conservation biological control and maintains crop health. Area-wide control is stressed as a favourable strategy which deals with entire pest populations rather than isolated farm-by-farm approaches. Other techniques covered include pheromonebased mating disruption, attract-and-kill and physical barriers such as sticky tree-bands, which all show integration potential with biologically-based techniques, while minimising insecticide application. The usefulness of insecticides as a curative approach is recognised, and ways of preserving insecticide life-spans by limiting insect resistance are discussed.

Behavioural differences between intranidal and extranidal major workers from a laboratory colony of an African carpenter ant species Camponotus maculatus reared from a foundress captured in Cameroon were investigated by means of dyadic nestmate reunion tests. Prior to the test, the ants were subjected to social isolation (48 h) in test tubes containing water reservoirs and carbohydrate food. Each test (20 min) involved a confrontation between a dyad of nestmates (two intranidal workers or two extranidal ones) placed in a set of two connected test tubes in which they had been isolated. Intranidal major workers showed higher propensity for resting behaviour and lower propensity for behavioural responses to elements of physical environment than extranidal ones. Similar behavioural differences between intranidal and extranidal minor workers (nurses and foragers) from the same colony were reported earlier in a companion study by our group. However, in contrast to minor nurses and foragers, intranidal and extranidal major workers of C. maculatus did not differ with respect to propensity for locomotion, self-grooming and social behaviour. Our findings provide a new clear-cut example of behavioural differences between nestmates related to differences in both worker morphology and worker specialisation in intranidal versus extranidal tasks.

Spiders are a prominent group of predatory arthropods in most terrestrial ecosystems, and are especially diverse in the Savanna Biome of South Africa. Despite this, there is a considerable paucity of information on spider assemblages in particular microhabitats, including tree bark. The spiders associated with the bark of Vachellia xanthophloea (fever trees) were studied at five wetland sites in the Ndumo Game Reserve, South Africa. The influence of various seasonal, habitat and phenological effects on spider assemblages was investigated. In total, 8341 spiders were collected, of which only 2726 were adults (32.7 %), representing 25 families and 108 species. While total spider abundance and adult species richness did not differ significantly between sites, significant differences were found in adult abundance and in overall assemblages between sites. There were also no significant seasonal effects on spider assemblages and guild composition. Only eight of the species collected can be considered exclusive bark-dwelling spiders, while similar proportions are facultative bark-dwellers (43.5 %) or accidental bark-dwellers (49.1 %). This study demonstrates that targeted sampling of specialised microhabitats can yield a significant proportion of the spider diversity in a particular locality, and can contribute to understanding patterns of biodiversity in conserved areas.

Reservoir host plants can play a critical role in the maintenance and spread of invasive agricultural insect pests, particularly when the pest species attacks a wide range of host plants, is ecologically plastic and demonstrates high reproductive fitness. The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), fits well within this category of alien pests. Indeed, this moth has become, in a very short period, the main phytosanitary factor limiting tomato production in the world. In addition, it is becoming a potential pest of potato crops. Among reported host weeds of this insect, Solanum nigrum L., Datura stramonium L. and Datura ferox L. are widely distributed in both T. absoluta's original geographical range and in newly infested areas. In this paper, we assess the suitability of these three plants as alternate hosts for T. absoluta. Development time of juvenile instars, adult longevity and female fecundity of the pest reared on these weeds were compared with those observed on tomato and potato plants under laboratory conditions. The study revealed that T. absoluta did not oviposit and develop on either D. stramonium or D. ferox. Conversely, tomato leafminers reared on S. nigrum (black nightshade) exhibited a reproductive fitness comparable with that seen on potato. All the investigated parameters confirmed that tomato is the most suitable host plant for the pest. These findings highlight the potential of the black nightshade to act as a reservoir host for T. absoluta and the carryover of its populations in periods when neither tomato nor potato crops are available.

Planococcus citri (citrus mealybug) is a common and damaging citrus crop pest which has proven difficult to control using conventional methods, such as chemical pesticides and insect growth regulators, particularly late in the citrus growing season. The virulence of two entomopathogenic fungal species was studied in laboratory bioassays against the crawlers and adults of P. citri. Isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana, collected from citrus orchards in the Eastern Cape Province in SouthAfrica, were verified using and molecular techniques. Mealybug bioassays were performed in 24-well plates. Beauveria bassiana (GAR 17 B3) and M. anisopliae (FCM AR 23 B3) isolates both resulted in 67.5 % mortality of mealybug crawlers and B. bassiana (GB AR 23 13 3) resulted in 64 % crawler mortality with concentrations of 1 × 107 conidia/ml. These three isolates were further tested in multipledose bioassays to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50), which were 5.29 × 105 conidia/ml for the M. anisopliae isolate (FCM AR 23 B3), 4.25 × 106 conidia/ml for B. bassiana (GAR 17 B3), and 6.65 × 107 conidia/ml B. bassiana (GB AR 23 13 3) for crawlers, respectively. The results of this study suggested that two isolates (M. anisopliae FCM AR 23 B3 and B. bassianaGAR 17 B3) showed potential for further development as biological control agents against citrus mealybug. Further research would be required to determine their ability to perform under field conditions.

The Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, is a globally known invasive ant species responsible for widespread biodiversity and economic loss, thus there is a growing need to control and preferably locally eradicate these ants from invaded environments and households. We evaluated the attractiveness and toxicity of six commercial baits containing hydramethylnon, imidacloprid and pyriproxyfen targeting Argentine ants, and differing in bait formulation. Hydramethylnon granular baits were most effective, killing workers (85–100% worker mortality) and queens (63–75 %) in the laboratory within 24 h. Workers were most attracted to and consumed the most of the imidacloprid gel bait, but, contrary to previous studies, mortality on this bait was low. The pyriproxyfen bait was least effective in killing workers, as was expected, and was the least consumed of all baits.We advocate the use of a fine granular hydramethylnon formulation for the effective control of Argentine ants. The attractiveness and consumption of the gel formulation was encouraging, therefore increased concentrations of the toxicant imidacloprid in gel formulation should be tested for improved bait efficacy. Combinations of toxicants that act on multiple levels, such as the larvicide pyriproxyfen and the respiratory toxicant hydramethylnon, should be tested in order to maximise colony eradication from brood to queens.

We evaluated the bacteria occurring externally on Musca domestica and Chrysomya megacephala, the two most common synanthropic flies which may be found at many refuse sites throughout the world. Bacteria cultured from 10 specimens of each species were isolated, Gram-stained and examined microscopically, and divided into morphologically distinct ‘pseudospecies', to avoid excessive duplication of genetic identification. About 350 bp of the 16S ribosomalRNAgene was amplified from genomicDNAextracted from each ‘pseudospecies', sequenced, and bacteria identified using BLASTn. Nineteen different types of colony were identified from M. domestica, with Pseudomonas sp. and Swine Manure Bacterium SP14 being most abundant. Chrysomya megacephala yielded 15 distinct pseudospecies with total colony counts approximating to 10 000 from 10 plates, where 80 % of colonies were non-pathogenic Bacillus pumilus. A total of 18 species were identified genetically: three shared by the fly species; four unique to C. megacephala, and 13 unique to M. domestica. Half of these 18 species were pathogenic, two or three others were food spoilers and the rest were environmental or commensal bacteria from soil or plant matter. This study added three new pathogenic strains of bacteria and one new environmental strain to the list of bacteria reported to be vectored by these flies.

Sesame, Sesamum indicum L. is one of the important oilseed crops grown in India and other parts of the world. One-hundred and forty sesame accessions were field evaluated for resistance against shoot webber and capsule borer, Antigastra catalaunalis Duponchel (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae) at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India. The experiment was carried out in two consecutive seasons, namely February–April 2003 (Rabi season, first field trial) and July–September 2003 (Kharif season, second field trial). The leaf, flower and capsule damage by A. catalaunalis were recorded and the accessions were rated for resistance in comparison with a susceptible control, based on the score chart. The reaction of the accessions against the pest infection varied with seasons. Among the 140 accessions screened, only one accession, NIC 7875, showed high resistance consistently to leaf, flower and capsule damage which is a potential target for generating A. catalaunalis-resistant sesame cultivars.

The abundance and distribution of whitegrub species that attacked black wattle seedlings during their establishment were assessed to determine their pest status and their contribution to the whitegrub species community structure patterns. Ten trials were planted on previous wattle sites. Monthly collections of whitegrubs that attacked seedlings were conducted during the first year of seedling growth. Very stressed or dying wattle seedlings and their surrounding roots were dug out and the soil was assessed to collect any whitegrub pests that caused seedling mortality. A multivariate analysis was used to rank the average abundance of the various whitegrub species that attacked wattle. The individual contribution of whitegrub species to the average similarity within a community and the dissimilarity between communities were tested with similarity percentages comparisons. The best two-dimensional (2-D) model obtained for each species pattern of distribution and relative abundance had a good ordination (stress value: 0.07). From a complex of 13 whitegrub pests found, six whitegrub species (Pegylis sommeri, Schizonycha affinis, Adoretus ictericus, Schizonycha fimbriata, an undescribed Maladera sp. 2 and an unknown species M8), with an average cumulative abundance of 96.4 %, were confirmed to have a high pest status. They accounted for the community structure pattern in the black wattle growing areas of KwaZulu-Natal. The remaining seven species, Heteronychus licas, undescribed Maladera sp. 1, and M5, M10, M11, M12 and M13 (all unknown species), contributed only 3.6 % to the average cumulative abundance and were considered to be minor pests within the whitegrub community structure.

The first comprehensive Kenyan hippoboscid checklist is presented. All reliable and available data of louse flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) from Kenya are summarised. First records of two species of louse flies from Kenya are given: Icosta (Icosta) mecorrhina Maa, 1964 and Ornithomya marginalis Maa, 1964. A louse fly collected from Narina's Trogon Apaloderma narina (Stephens, 1815) is published for the first time. This list increases the Kenyan species-richness of the hippoboscid fauna to 22 species.

Cotesia vestalis Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a solitary koinobiont endoparasitoid that causes high larval mortality of Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on Brassica crops in South Africa. Many farmers use prophylactic and curative microbial insecticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) var. kurstaki (Btk) to minimise damage caused by P. xylostella on their crop. Bacillus thuringiensis formulations are widely adopted based on them not having a direct effect on parasitoids, which then assumes that they complement each other in pest management. We investigated parasitism of P. xylostella by C. vestalis in cabbage fields treated with Btk and assessed the implications on cabbage yield. Populations of P. xylostella and C. vestalis were monitored for 12 weeks in each of the four growing seasons in Btk-treated and control plots at Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Plutella xylostella densities and levels of parasitism were lower in the Btk-treated plots. Consistent with low infestation, damage in Btk-treated cabbage was significantly lower than in the control.

Despite various environmentally-sensitive control techniques for the tortricid complex, many macadamia growers still prefer to use contact insecticides. For maximum efficacy, these chemicals have to be applied against eggs and neonate larval instars. Timing and spray target selection are therefore two very important factors to consider when a contact insecticide is used against this pest complex. Current results indicate higher incidence of the total number of tortricid eggs in the basal section of the tree but no statistically significant differences in the abundances of larval stages as well as number of infested nuts at the various heights were evident. More eggs were recorded in the denser inner parts of the trees than in the parts of the trees facing towards the working rows. While this phenomenon could possibly be related to the shielding of pesticides by dense lower side branches, a similar trend was also visible in sparsely-foliaged orchards where negligible shielding could have occurred. Findings from the density survey indicated that this pest complex has a propensity for denser orchards and it is postulated that tree density rather than tree height is the overriding factor affecting tortricid dispersal in South African macadamia orchards. It was speculated that higher oviposition rates in denser parts of macadamia orchards could be related to predator/parasitoid avoidance.

Tuta absoluta Meyrick is an invasive insect pest native to South America. Because of its exceptional rapid spread and resistance to conventional insecticides, an effective control is needed. Spinosad, a natural pesticide, seems to be an alternative but few studies were done to understand the induction of the resistance process. Moreover, the delayed effects of spinosad are still unknown and must be highlighted. In this study, spinosad was tested by topical application on the last instar larvae of T. absoluta and its biological impact evaluated in two successive generations (G0 and G1) using traditionnal biomarkers of toxicity and reprotoxicity. Initially, toxicity tests were used to determine the inhibition doses (ID) of pupal moult (ID₅₀ 243.50 ng). Biochemical assays reveal a detoxification process, an oxidative stress and an inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in G0 and G1. In addition, our data show a decrease in vitellogenins and vitellins content in the two generations, which may affect negatively the fertility and fecundity of the adults. For all considered parameters, we prove that spinosad acts with delayed effects on G1.

The larval breeding sites of anopheline mosquitoes in eastern Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, were investigated. Using abiotic parameter data collected in the field, environmental conditions that correlate with larval community composition and productivity are reported. Twelve anopheline species were identified, with the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) ranking as the second most abundant. There was a significant difference in the mean abundance of each species of anopheline from each of the geographically separate breeding sites (Kruskal-WallisANOVA, P<0.05, d.f.= 6,H₂ = 17.09). Anopheles merus Dönitz showed a significant positive correlation with salinity (Pearson's product moment, r = 0.971, P < 0.05). Habitats such as rain puddles, hoof prints and residual pools left after rivers recede were important breeding sites and these were characteristically short-lived, and fully or partially sunlit. Anopheles gambiae complex members from the breeding sites surveyed during this study were completely susceptible to the insecticides bendiocarb and deltamethrin that are used for vector control in the area, while An. merus showed possible resistance to DDT according to WHO criteria (<98 % mortality). Larval control operations should include all available breeding sites and focus efforts during the dry season when these areas are discrete.

Orphinus (s. str.) tanzanicus sp. n. from Tanzania is described, illustrated and compared with related species; a differential diagnosis is provided.

The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is one of the most devastating tephritid fruit flies of horticulture worldwide. Field trials were carried out for two seasons on mango (Mangifera indica L.) to evaluate the use of male annihilation technique (MAT) using methyl eugenol laced with deltamethrin instead of the commonly used malathion for the suppression of the pest on mango in coastal Kenya. Prior to application of the MAT, mean total numbers of B. dorsalis flies per trap per day (FTD) in pre-suppression monitoring data were comparable in orchards assigned to MAT treatment (FTD = 3.5) and those assigned to the control (FTD = 3.5) in season 1 and 12.4 and 10.5 FTD, respectively, in season 2. Following the application of MAT systems, total FTD were significantly lower in MAT-treated orchards (0.1 and 2.7 FTD, for seasons 1 and 2, respectively) compared to that in the control (18.6 and 21.5 FTD, for seasons 1 and 2, respectively) at 49 days after deployment of the control measures. This represented a reduction in the B. dorsalis population of 99.5%in both seasons, resulting in a significant reduction of fruit infestation in the MAT-treated orchards compared to the control. The percentage of infested fruit was 25 and 18 times lower in MAT-treated orchards compared to the control for the first and second season, respectively. The number of puparia/kg ofmangofruit was 17 and 24 fold lower in MAT-treated orchards compared to the control for the two consecutive seasons. These findings demonstrate the suppression of B. dorsalis using the MAT, and subsequent reduction in fruit damage by the pest. It is therefore recommended that MAT be adopted within a holistic Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach in the mango agro-system, preferably covering large areas.

The first record of a zygopteran breeding population in the Cape Verde archipelago is presented. A small population of Ischnura senegalensis (Rambur, 1842) was found living in the lagoon ‘Lagoinha’, Santiago island, where the species was observed in all seven surveys conducted between May 2014 and June 2015. Reproductive behaviour was repeatedly observed and exuviae were found and collected.

Methoxyfenozide is a lepidopteran-specific insecticide belonging to non-steroidal ecdysteroid agonists. Its effects were evaluated under laboratory conditions on the morphometry and histology of ovaries in the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Treatment at LD₅₀ (0.01 µg/pupa) and LD₉₀ (0.37 µg/pupa) was made by topical applications on newly ecdysed female pupae. The compound was found to increase the size of the ovaries and to reduce the thickness of the follicular epithelium compared to controls. Moreover, the histological study of ovaries showed alterations including vacuolation, the absence of nurse cells, and shrinkage, leaving a space around the oocyte tissue.

The present work aims to study the taxonomy of parasitid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) from Egypt. The identification of newly collected specimens as well as the examination of some previously described species is presented. Cornigamasus ocliferius Skorupski & Witaliński, 1997, extracted from cow dung, is recorded for the first time from this country. Adults and deutonymphs of Parasitus consanguineus Oudemans & Voigts, 1904 and P. fimetorum (Berlese, 1904), worldwide cosmopolitan species, were found in animal dung and soil. Three genera with seven species are known from Egypt to date. Redescriptions of adults and deutonymphs are provided for the known species. Also, a taxonomic key to the Egyptian parasitids is presented.

Following bacterial infection spreads in a population, individuals show fitness variation or plasticity based on their genotypes, the environmental stress and the interaction of both factors. Drosophila melanogaster-bacterial pathogen system was used to unravel how fitnessdivergent isofemale (homogeneous) lines and experimental population (heterogeneous) react to infection under standard and restricted diets. Life-history traits and fecundity of D. melanogaster were assessed under healthy and disease conditions. Marked differences were observed between half of the Drosophila lines and the heterogeneous population. Diet change failed to induce significant differences of survival percentage and development time in all lines, indicating lack of phenotypic plasticity under healthy conditions. However, following bacterial infection, the significant differences among the Drosophila life-history traits due to lines and bacterial strains demonstrated phenotypic plasticity and genotypeby- environment interaction on standard diet. By combining the two environmental factors (diet regime and treatment) together with the lines, D. melanogaster showed significant difference of the survival percentage due to Pectobacterium carotovorum infection. Interestingly, Drosophila fecundity was affected by genotype, diet and treatment. The fecundity showed a general reduction following infection or diet restriction exposure. The results of reaction norms of Drosophila survival percentage, development time and fecundity demonstrated that the isofemale lines were more plastic than the heterogeneous population under the range of environments tested. The obtained results give evidence that the fitness plasticity is considered an important mechanism to help the homogeneous populations to survive the harsh environmental circumstances, whereas the phenotypic variation of the heterogeneous populations is considered the major one.

False codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia leucotreta, is one of the most important insect pests of citrus in South Africa. No treatment is currently directed towards the soil stages of FCM, with entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) having the potential to fill the niche. Laboratory bioassays in orchard soil, using Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, showed the LD₅₀ to be ≈3 and the LD90 to be ≈58 infective juveniles (IJs) per FCM larva. In a field trial, after application of three concentrations (20, 40 and 80 IJs/cm2) of H. bacteriophora, mortalities of >90 %were obtained for FCM larvae, with significant difference between the lower concentrations, but not with higher concentrations. Twenty-one days after application, there was no further FCMcontrol.With the field application of H. zealandica after 6 days, no significant differences were found in FCM mortality of >80 % between three nematode concentrations (5, 10 and 20 IJs/cm²). After 21 and 35 days no significantly different FCM mortality was found for all three treatments compared to the untreated trees. In a field trial using three nematode species, treatment with H. zealandica resulted in significant control for each evaluation day, up to day 49. Results from field trials showed local EPN species to have great potential for control of the soil stages of FCM, with the added possibility of good persistence.

Farnesol, at 0.06 × 10⁴ ppm concentration was tested against the fifth nymphal instar of Locusta migratoria induced antifeedant activity by 33.6 % and 45 % to males and females, respectively. Ultrastructural studies, using transmission electron microscopy, revealed marked pathological changes in the neurosecretory cells in brain and corpora allata (CA) cells of treated nymphs. The brain neurosecretion was held inside the neurosecretory cells whose axons did not liberate normally, leading to the accumulation of neurosecretory granules inside. These cells appeared ruptured and irregular. Corpora allata cells had hypertrophied nuclei, numerous lysosomes, malformed mitochondria, Golgi bodies and some other intracellular organelles in the gland cells. Multivesicular bodies were scattered and intercellular spaces appeared within the cell matrix. The haemolymph testosterone and progesterone levels were significantly decreased in the fifth nymphal instar treated with farnesol. Moreover, haemolymph and brain superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were significantly decreased in brains of treated males and females. On the other hand, haemolymph malondialdehyde (MAD) only declined. By contrast, the brain MDA level was significantly increased in farnesol-treated fifth nymphal instars of both sexes. The ultrastructural and biochemical changes reflect the sensitivity of L. migratoria to farnesol as a neurotoxin bioinsecticide. It appears that the changes in the biochemical macromolecules reflect the ultrastructural alterations obtained. Thus, farnesol can be used as a promising biocide against the migratory locusts as it could be mixed in bait traps in the integrated pest management programme (IPM).

A novel technique for the detection of baculovirus from insect cadavers, water and environmental samples in a Thaumatotibia (Cryptophlebia) leucotreta (false codling moth) mass rearing facility has been developed. Diseased insect larvae, water samples and sampling swabs from various sites in the facility were subjected to virus concentration using mixed-ester filters and/or directly subjected toDNAextraction using the QIAamp Ultrasens Virus kit (Qiagen). The use of non-charged mixed ester filters under vacuum allows for the rapid processing of large volumes of water. Extracted DNA was utilised directly in PCR to amplify the baculovirus core gene polh/granulin. Sequence analysis confirmed the presence of Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus. Employing this technique, Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (CrleGV)was detected in 15.4%of the water samples; 75%of the environmental swabs and 42.9%of the larvae despite measures to control baculovirus contamination in the facility. No baculovirus contamination was detected in food samples. This rapid and reproducible technique will facilitate rapid diagnosis of baculovirus infection in mass-rearing facilities and other water samples.

In the table of contents of the March 2016 issue of African Entomology [24(1): ii cover], the short communication entry ‘GILIOMEE, J.H.& UECKERMANN, E.A. First record of the invasive red palm mite Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) in Namibia … 233–235’ should have read ‘GILIOMEE, J.H. Opogona scaphopis Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tineidae: Hieroxestinae) causing serious damage to Gasteria and Haworthia at Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden, South Africa … 233–235.’

In the articles ‘Postharvest phytosanitary disinfestation of Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in citrus fruit: determination of ionising radiation and cold treatment conditions for inclusion in a combination treatment’ by J.H. Hofmeyr, M. Hofmeyr, V. Hattingh & J.P. Slabbert that appeared in African Entomology 24(1): 208–216 (March 2016) and ‘Postharvest phytosanitary disinfestation of Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in citrus fruit: validation of an ionising radiation and cold combination treatment’ by J.H. Hofmeyr, V. Hattingh, M. Hofmeyr & J.P. Slabbert that appeared in African Entomology 24(1): 217–224 (March 2016) the initials of Hattingh reads ‘V.H.’ in print [ISSN 1021-3589] and should have read ‘V.’; also in the lists of references on pp. 215 (one instance) and 224 (two instances). The initials are correct in the electronic version [ISSN 2224-8854] of the journal.