This study was carried out to find what factors could affect bird diversity in green areas in an urban landscape. We selected 83 sites of different size and type of urban landscapes in Seoul, South Korea and surveyed bird diversity. Urban green patches were grouped into three subclasses: < 1 ha, 1–10 ha and > 10 ha. The cumulative bird diversity was greater in the subclass 1–10 ha than in < 1 ha or in > 10 ha. We suggest that bird diversity was closely related to habitat size, especially in the category 1–10 ha, and recommend this area be used to establish new bird habitats in urban landscapes. The number of bird species was significantly correlated with the number of insect species in studied patches, but was not correlated with the size of green areas or the distance to roads. Therefore, we suggest that the number of insect species is the most important factor affecting bird diversity within our urban study area.
REFERENCES
L. W. Adams
1994. Urban Wildlife Habitats: A Landscape Perspective. Univ. Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Google Scholar
P. Clergeau
,
F. Burel
1997. The role of spatio-temporal patch connectivity at the landscape level: an example in a bird distribution. Landsc. Urban Plann. 38: 37–43. Google Scholar
B. J. L. Berry
1990. Urbanization. In:
II B. L. Turner
,
W C. Clark
,
R. W. Kates
,
J. E Richards
,
J. T. Mathews
,
W. B. Meyers
(eds).
The Earth as transformed by human action. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 103–119. Google Scholar
N. T. Bischoff
,
R. G. H. Jongman
1993. Development of rural areas in Europe: the claim for nature. Netherlands scientific council for government policy. Hague, Sduuitgeverij, Plantijnstraat. Google Scholar
R. B. Blair
1996. Land-use and avian species diversity along an urban gradient. Ecol. Appl. 6: 506–519. Google Scholar
M. Buechner
,
R. Sauvajot
1996. Conservation and zones of human activity: the spread of human disturbance across a protected landscape. In:
R. C. Szaro
,
D. W. Johnston
(eds).
Biodiversity in managed landscapes. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, pp. 605–629. Google Scholar
P. Clergeau
1993. Utilisation des concepts de l'ecologie du paysage pour l'elaboration d'un nouveau type de passage a faune. Gibier et Faune Sauvage 10: 47–57. Google Scholar
P. Clergeau
,
Savard
,
L. J.-P.
,
G. Mennechez
,
G. Falardeau
1998. Bird abundance and diversity along an urban-rural gradient: a comparative study between two cities on different continents. Condor 100: 413–425. Google Scholar
R. M. DeGraaf
,
A. D. Geis
,
P. A. Healy
1991. Bird population and habitat surveys in urban areas. Landsc. Urban Plann. 21: 181–188. Google Scholar
R. M. Degraaf
,
J. M. Wentworth
1981. Urban bird communities and habitats in New England. In: Proc. 46th North Amer. Wildl. Conf., Washington, pp. 396–412. Google Scholar
K. Dmowski
,
M. Kozakiewicz
1990. Influence of a shrub corridor on movements of passerine birds to a lake littoral zone. Landsc. Ecol. 4: 99–108. Google Scholar
R. Donnelly
,
J. M. Marzluff
2004. Importance of reserve size and landscape context to urban bird conservation. Conserv. Biol. 18: 733–745. Google Scholar
R. Donnelly
,
J. M. Marzluff
2006. Relative importance of habitat quantity, structure, and spatial pattern to birds in urbanizing environments. Urban Ecosyst. 9: 99–117. Google Scholar
J. T. Emlen
1974. An urban bird community in Tucson, Arizona: derivation, structure, regulation. Condor 76: 184–197. Google Scholar
J. Fenton
1997. A primary producer's perspective on nature conservation. In:
P. Hale
,
D. Lamb
(eds).
Conservation Outside Nature Reserves. Univ. Queensland, Brisbane, pp.3–9. Google Scholar
J. Fischer
,
D.B. Lindenmayer
2002. Small patches can be valuable for biodiversity conservation: two case studies on birds in southeastern Australia. Biol. Conserv. 106:129–136. Google Scholar
R. Foppen
,
R. Reijnen
1994. The effects of car traffic on breeding bird populations in woodland II. Breeding dispersal of male willow warblers (Phylloscopus trochilus) in relation to the proximity of a highway. J. Appl. Ecol. 31: 95–101. Google Scholar
G. W. Gabrielson
,
E. N. Smith
1995. Physiological responses of wildlife to disturbance. In:
R. L. Knight
,
K. J. Gutzwiller
(eds).
Wildlife and Recreationists. Island Press, Washington, pp. 95–107. Google Scholar
S. S. Germaine
,
S. S. Rosenstock
,
R. E. Schweinsburg
,
W. S. Richardson
1998. Relationships among breeding birds, habitat, and residential development in greater Tucson, Arizona. Ecol. Appl. 8: 608–691. Google Scholar
L. Gilfedder
,
J. B. Kirkpatrick
1998. Factors influencing the integrity of remnant bushland in subhumid Tasmania. Biol. Conserv. 84: 89–96. Google Scholar
D. Hockin
,
M. Ounsted
,
M. Gorman
,
D. Hill
,
V Keller
,
M. A. Barker
1992. Examination of the effects of disturbance on birds with reference to its importance in ecological assessments. J. Environ. Manage. 36: 253–286. Google Scholar
M. Hostetler
1999. Scale, birds, and human decisions: a potential for integrative research in urban ecosystems. Landsc. Urban Plann. 45: 15–19. Google Scholar
M. Hostetler
,
K. Knowles-Yanez
2003. Land use, scale, and bird distributions in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Landsc. Urban Plann. 62: 55–68. Google Scholar
W. C. Johnson
,
C. S. Adkisson
1985. Dispersal of beechnuts by blue jays in fragmented landscapes. Am. Midland Nat. 113: 319–324. Google Scholar
J. Jokimäki
,
J. Suhonen
1998. Distribution and habitat selection of wintering birds in urban environments. Landsc. Urban Plann. 39: 253–263. Google Scholar
R. L. Knight
,
G. N. Wallace
,
Riebsame
,
WE
.
1995. Ranching the view: subdivisions versus agriculture. Conserv. Biol. 9: 459–461. Google Scholar
J. M. Marzluff
,
K. Ewing
2001. Restoration of fragmented landscapes for the conservation of birds: A general framework and specific recommendations for urbanizing landscapes. Restoration Ecol. 9: 280–292. Google Scholar
J. M. Marzluff
2005. Island biogeography for an urbanizing world: how extinction and colonization may determine biological diversity in human-dominated landscape. Urban Ecosyst. 8: 157–177. Google Scholar
W. B. Meyer
,
II B. L. Turner
1992. Human population growth and global landuse/cover change. Ann. Review Ecol. Syst. 23: 39–61. Google Scholar
J. Middleton
1994. Effects of urbanization on biodiversity in Canada. In: Biodiversity in Canada. Environment Canada, Ottawa, pp. 15–20. Google Scholar
G. S. Mills
,
J. B. Dunning Jr
,
J. M. Bates
1989. Effects of urbanization on breeding bird community structure in southwestern desert habitats. Condor 91: 416–428. Google Scholar
R. F. Noss
1993. Wildlife corridors. In:
D. S. Smith
,
Hellmund P. Calwood
(eds).
Ecology of Greenways. Univ. Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 43–68. Google Scholar
K. Oh
2001. Landscape Information System: A GIS approach to managing urban development. Landsc. Urban Plann. 54: 79–89. Google Scholar
P. Opdam
1990. Dispersal in fragmented populations: the key to survival. In:
R. G. Bunce
,
D. C. Howard
(eds).
Species dispersal in agricultural habitats. Belhaven Press, London, pp. 3–17. Google Scholar
B. Peterson
1985. Extinction of an isolated population of the middle spotted woodpecker Dendrocopos medius in Sweden and its relation to general theories on extinction. Biol. Conserv. 32: 335–353. Google Scholar
J. F. Quinn
,
S. P. Harrison
1988. Effects of habitat fragmentation and isolation on species richness: evidence from biogeographic patterns. Oecologia 75: 132–140. Google Scholar
R. Reijnen
,
R. Foppen
1994. The effects of car traffic on breeding bird populations in woodland. Evidence of reduced habitat quality for willow warblers (Phylloscopus trochilus) breeding close to a highway. J. Appl. Ecol. 31: 85–94. Google Scholar
D. A. Saunders
,
R. J. Hobbs
1991. Nature conservation: the role of corridors. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Australia. Google Scholar
J.-P. L. Savard
1978. Birds in metropolitan Toronto: distribution, relationships with habitat features and nesting sites. M.Sc. Thesis, Dept. Zoology, Univ. Toronto, Ontario. Google Scholar
J.-P. L. Savard
,
P. Clergeau
,
G. Mennechez
2002. Biodiversity concepts and urban ecosystems. Landsc. Urban Plann. 48: 131–142. Google Scholar
J.-P. L. Savard
,
B. J. Falls
1982. Influence of habitat structure on the nesting height of birds in urban areas. Can. J. Zool. 59: 924–932. Google Scholar
R. D. Semlitsch
,
J. R. Bodie
1998. Are small, isolated wetlands expendable? Conserv. Biol. 12: 1129–1133. Google Scholar
Development Institute. Seoul
2002. Report of plan study ecosystem restoration and biodiversity promotion with biotope type in Seoul. Seoul, Korea. Google Scholar
Development Institute. Seoul
2003. Report of plan study ecosystem restoration and biodiversity promotion with biotope type in Seoul. Seoul, Korea. Google Scholar
T. G. Shreeve
1992. Monitoring butterfly movements. In:
R. L. H. Dennis
.
The ecology of butterflies in Britain. Oxford Science Publication, pp. 120–138. Google Scholar
W. R. Turner
2003. Citywide biological monitoring as a tool for ecology and conservation in urban landscapes: the case of the Tucson Bird Count. Landsc. Urban Plann. 65: 149–166. Google Scholar
C. Walcott
1974. Changes in bird life in Cambridge, MA, from 1860 to 1964. Auk 91: 151–160. Google Scholar
G. Woolfenden
,
S. Rohwer
1969. Breeding birds in a Florida suburban. Fla. State Mus. Bull. No. 13. Google Scholar
P. A. Zuidema
,
J. A. Sayer
,
W. Dijkman
1996. Forest fragmentation and biodiversity: the case for intermediate-sized conservation areas. Environ. Conserv. 23: 290–297. Google Scholar
