Gilbertiodendron (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) is a genus of ca. 30 species of medium to large trees from tropical and subtropical Africa. The genus is represented in Western Africa (from south Senegal to east Ghana) by 11 species, including Gilbertiodendron diphyllum and G. preussii, which are the most widespread species within the genus, with a range that extends to Central Africa. We describe a new species, Gilbertiodendron jongkindii, an endemic tree from the Ivory Coast and Ghana. Gilbertiodendron obliquum is redefined following the study of collections made 106 yr after the original type material was collected in Liberia. The nomenclature was reviewed for each taxon, and full synonymies are provided. Two dichotomous keys based on fertile and vegetative characters and a table of key characters are provided, as well as detailed descriptions, distribution maps, and illustrations for each species.