Nelson, W. H. Dose–Response Relationships for Radicals Trapped in Irradiated Solids. Radiat. Res. 163, 673–680 (2005).

This work develops a modified description of the dose–response relationships for radical production by ionizing radiation. The main new feature is incorporation of the concept of the target and the possibility that the population of targets can undergo depletion at increased doses. The resulting mathematical relationships are capable of describing the decrease in product yield at increasing doses as is sometime observed. In addition, the description preserves the general properties of the widely used relationships. Finally, the expressions provide the possibility for estimating the average mass of the target.