Many of the species classified in Psychotria L. subg. Heteropsychotria Steyerm. have been shown based on morphological and molecular characters to belong to Palicourea Aubl. (Rubiaceae, Palicoureeae), including the species of Psychotria ser. Appunianae Steyerm., Mapouria Aubl. sect. Nothocephaelis Müll. Arg., and Mapouria sect. Tricephalium Müll. Arg. Accordingly, these are transferred here to the new section Palicourea sect. Tricephalium (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor, which includes 35 species found from southern Nicaragua to Bolivia and Paraguay, and is diagnosed by its rather thick-textured leaves with well-developed intersecondary veins that are extensively reticulated and inflorescences with the flowers sessile in small to large heads that are enclosed by well-developed bracts. The species are separated into three informal groups, the Palicourea conephoroides group, the Palicourea flaviflora group, and the Palicourea sessilis group. The following new species-level combinations are made here: Palicourea boyanii (Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria boyanii Steyerm.; Palicourea cenepensis (C. M. Taylor) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria cenepensis C. M. Taylor; Palicourea conephoroides (Rusby) C. M. Taylor is based on Cephaelis conephoroides Rusby; Palicourea costanensis (Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria costanensis Steyerm.; Palicourea crassifolia (Standl.) C. M. Taylor is based on Cephaelis crassifolia Standl.; Palicourea ernestii (K. Krause) C. M. Taylor is based on Cephaelis ernestii K. Krause; Palicourea flaviflora (K. Krause) C. M. Taylor is based on Uragoga flaviflora K. Krause; Palicourea heteroneura (Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria heteroneura Steyerm.; Palicourea hypochlorina (C. M. Taylor) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria hypochlorina C. M. Taylor; Palicourea jenmanii (Wernham) C. M. Taylor is based on Cephaelis jenmanii Wernham; Palicourea jervisei (Standl.) C. M. Taylor is based on Cephaelis jervisei Standl.; Palicourea kaieteurensis (Wernham) C. M. Taylor is based on Cephaelis kaieteurensis Wernham; Palicourea oleandrella (Standl.) C. M. Taylor is based on Cephaelis oleandrella Standl.; Palicourea ownbeyi (Standl. ex C. M. Taylor) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria ownbeyi Standl. ex C. M. Taylor; Palicourea pleiocephala (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria pleiocephala Müll. Arg.; Palicourea schraderoides (K. Krause) C. M. Taylor is based on U. schraderoides K. Krause; Palicourea schunkei (C. M. Taylor) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria schunkei C. M. Taylor; Palicourea sessilis (Vell.) C. M. Taylor is based on Coffea sessilis Vell. (not Psychotria sessilis Vell.); Palicourea speluncae (Standl. & Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria speluncae Standl. & Steyerm.; Palicourea tepuiensis (Steyerm.) C. M. Taylor is based on Cephaelis tepuiensis Steyerm.; Palicourea triadica (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor is based on Mapouria triadica Müll. Arg.; Palicourea tricephala (Müll. Arg.) C. M. Taylor is based on M. tricephala Müll. Arg.; and Palicourea zevallosii (C. M. Taylor) C. M. Taylor is based on Psychotria zevallosii C. M. Taylor. The following new names are published here: Palicourea arenosa C. M. Taylor replaces the name Cephaelis cuatrecasasii Standl. ex Steyerm.; Palicourea jungiana C. M. Taylor replaces the name Psychotria longipes Müll. Arg.; Palicourea perinsignis C. M. Taylor replaces the name M. insignis Müll. Arg.; and Palicourea yneziae<