MAGPIE AND MUTUALISM: PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE

P Ross Gorman

doi:10.1898/NWN21-06

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P Ross Gorman¹

¹Cody, WY USA; .

Abstract

Facultative mutualism between a Black-billed Magpie (Pica hudsonia) and a Rocky Mountain Elk (Cervus canadensis nelson) is reported. This interspecific interaction was observed in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, and was documented photographically.

Citation Download Citation

P Ross Gorman "MAGPIE AND MUTUALISM: PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE," Northwestern Naturalist 104(1), 77-78, (23 February 2023). https://doi.org/10.1898/NWN21-06

Received: 17 February 2021; Accepted: 27 November 2022; Published: 23 February 2023

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