Diagnosis.—Antennae nodose, scapus and sometimes pedicellus armed with a tubercle. Medial structure on frontal portion of vertex consisting of three parts (denticles): anterior denticle small and thin, middle one rounded and distinctly thicker, containing the large lateral ocelli and with narrow median groove, posterior one higher and of diverse shape. Sub-ocular region with cuticular evaginations. Pronotum with meso- and metazona divided by sulcus. Lateral lobes of metasternum expanded and broader than the posterior margin. Wings projecting at an angle of 40–45 degrees upward. Ventral spines of middle tibia lamelliform. Abdominal tergites with produced and pointed dorsal tips. Basic coloration in life dark brown, with greenish and whitish spots, resembling foliose lichens and moss.

Diagnosis.—Vertex with laterally flattened crest. Pronotum smooth and devoid of tubercles. Male cerci with external branch long and curved inward, internal branch of almost similar size or short and developed as small spiniform process.

Type species.—Paraphidnia gallina Giglio-Tos, 1898 (original monotypy).

Included species.—Type species, Paraphidnia tunki Braun & Buzzetti n. sp. and P. brevicristata Cadena-Castañeda & Buzzetti n. sp.

Comparison with Anaphidna n. stat.—Paraphidnia lacks the digitiform process on the pedicellus of the antenna, which is diagnostic of the other genus, and the distal tubercle on the scapus is less developed compared to species of Anaphidna. In Paraphidnia the anterior denticle on the vertex is little developed and the posterior part is sometimes broad and developed as a laterally flattened crest (P. gallina and P. tunki n. sp.). The pronotum is smooth, without tubercles (present in Anaphidna). Male cerci are long, curving inward, and uniformly pointed, with a shorter internal spine-like process, while in Anaphidna they are divided into two lobes of almost equal length that are movable in relation to each other.

Diagnosis. —Crest on vertex with two apical lobes. Pronotum smooth with the posterior margin of disk gradually rising and slightly expanded sideways on the humeral sinus (Fig. 2B). Male cerci with the external branch elongated, cylindrical and gradually tapering to the apex, curving inward. Internal branch as a small spine (Fig. 2I). Subgenital plate rectangular with cylindrical styli.

Syntypes.—2 ♂♂ from Ecuador: “Valle del Santiago” (Río Santiago valley, Provincia de Morona Santiago) and “S. José” (probably San José de Morona), in the Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali di Torino (Italy) (photos in OSF).

Redescription.—

Male: Median ocellus subcircular, higher than wide; crest of vertex with two apical lobes. Pronotum with metazona elevated and expanded slightly sideways, lateral lobe subpentagonal, humeral sinus concave but not as developed (Fig. 2B) as in P. tunki n. sp. Cubital vein with slightly curved basal portion. Fore femur armed with four ventral spinules on inner margin of distal portion, fore tibia with four spines on each ventral margin, a spur on the dorsal edge near the apex of the tympanum, and two lamellar spines on mesal region of the dorsal edge; middle femur with three lamellar spines on the ventral outer margin, middle tibia with three lamellar spines on the dorsal margin from proximal to the mesal portion, hind femur with five triangular ventral spines on inner margin and an additional thorn with sharp apex most longer than the other spines placed on the antero-apical portion. Cerci with the external branch elongated, cylindrical and gradually tapering to the apex, rather abruptly bent inward and distally straight. Internal branch developed as a small spine (Fig. 2I). Subgenital plate rectangular with cylindrical styli.

Female: Unknown.

Measurements.— (in mm) Body 14, total length 43, pronotum 3.5, tegmina 26, hind femora 17, hind tibiae 18.

Braun 2002, 87: Paraphidnia sp. 1, Braun 2008, 218: Paraphidnia cf. gallina.

Etymology.—The epithet (noun in apposition) is the Quechua name of the Andean cock-of-the-rock (Rupicola peruvianas), Spanish gallito de las rocas. The male of this bird has on the forehead a large crest formed by fluffy feathers. Both P. gallina and the new species sport a conspicuous crest on the vertex, and in the area where the latter was found, individuals of the cock-of-the-rock were seen and frequently heard.

Diagnosis.—Very similar to P. gallina, including shape of crest, whose shape is variable (Fig. 2C, F, 3F). But male cerci distinctly different: horizontally bifurcate, with internal branch also well developed (more than a simple spine); main external branch laterally flattened, internally concave, slightly up-curved and sickle-shaped (not elongate and cylindrical with distinct inward bend); internal branch originating ventrally near the base, both branches with dark sclerotized tip (Fig. 2H, 3G).

Holotype: ♂ cbt064s03 (sound recordings): Ecuador, Zamora-Chinchipe, Río San Francisco valley north of Parque Nacional Podocarpus, 1970 m, 11 October 1999, G. Brehm leg. (light trapping), deposited in the Museo de La Plata (Argentina).

Paratypes: 3♂♂, same locality as holotype: cbt064s01 (sound recordings), 1850 m, attracted to light of Estacíon Científica San Francisco (ECSF), 6 December 1997, H. Braun leg.; cbt064s02, 2250 m, 3 November 1999, G. Brehm leg. (light trapping); cbt064s04, 1850 m, ECSF, 1999, H. Braun leg., currently in collection of HB; ♂, Zamora Chinchipe, Sabanilla, 1500 m (this is a few km from type locality), 17–28 November 1998, V. Maly leg. (attracted to light), in collection of FMB.

Description.—

Male: Median ocellus occupying all of fastigium of frons except very tip, higher than wide; crest on vertex very similar to P. gallina and of variable shape (Fig. 2C, F); antennae blackish in distal portion, some segments distally widened, hirsute, with a few narrow whitish rings. Pronotum with elevated metazona, humeral sinus well developed, lateral lobe concealing large auditory spiracle. Cubital vein on base of left tegmen short and straight, stridulatory file with around 15 fairly large and well-sclerotized teeth at the base and then tapering toward the distal end with very small and probably not functional teeth, altogether about 60 teeth; length of file almost 2 mm (Fig. 2G). Mirror region on base of right tegmen translucent. Fore femur with three spines on inner ventral margin; fore tibia with a pair of dorsal spinules right at distal end of the broadened ear region, and a spinule on outer dorsal margin; middle femur with three lamelliform spines on outer ventral margin, middle tibia dorsally with two pairs of spinules and on distal portion a single spinule on inner margin; hind femora ventrally with 8 triangular spines on outer margin, increasing in size from basal to distal end with 6^th and 7^th particularly large and projecting sideways, the last one smaller, on inner ventral margin with four spines in distal portion. First abdominal tergite with conspicuous white lateral spot on each side, the other tergites with smaller spots and whitish ventral margins. Cerci as described above (Fig. 2H), subgenital plate distally square with slightly emarginate apex, styli digitiform.

Female: Unknown.

Measurements. — (in mm) Body 14–15, total length 35–40, pronotum 3.3–3.5, tegmina 25–30; hind wings 33–35, hind femora 16–17.

Calling song.—The two recorded males produced at night 1.5–2 sec long audible calls with a very distinctive pattern: Two loud double syllables, separated by an interval of more than 0.5 sec, followed by a train of 8–12 more irregular syllables (Fig. 3A, B). The length of this syllable train seems to be specific to a particular male, and varies only a little bit between calls of the same male. The syllables toward the end are shorter, consisting of fewer rapidly-decaying impulses, that correspond to individual tooth-scraper contacts (Fig. 3C, D). Syllables in the second half of this irregular train sometimes consist of only one impulse. Indicated by the higher impulse rate in the initial double syllables compared to the following single ones, the movement of the scraper along the stridulatory file must be faster there; and apparently all the large teeth at the base of the file are used. The carrier frequency spectrum shows a broad peak between 13 and 19 kHz (Fig. 3E), and very little energy at harmonically-related ranges around 30–35 kHz and 45–52 kHz.

Etymology.—Referring to the poor development of the crest on the vertex.

Diagnosis.—Crest reduced, superficially elevated, but overall not as spine or tubercle (Fig. 2D). Pronotum smooth, not raised or expanded (Fig. 2E). Male cerci with the external branch longer than internal, slightly flattened dorso-ventrally towards the meso-distal portion, apex slightly sclerotized. Internal branch as long as a quarter of the external branch, conical and with the apex sclerotized (Fig. 2J). Subgenital plate square with slightly emarginate apex, styles finger-like.

Holotype: ♂, Ecuador, Provincia de Orellana, Parque Nacional Yasuní, May 2002. F.M. Buzzetti leg., depository: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Austria).

Paratype: ♂, same locality as holotype, May 2013. A. Garzón leg., Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Colección Artrópodosy otros Invertebrados (Colombia).

Description.—

Male (holotype): Eyes occupying top half of the head (in lateral view), median ocellus circular, as high as wide; base of the crest straight and undeveloped; crest slightly elevated, but not in the form of spine or tubercle (Fig. 2D). Pronotal disk flat and not elevated in the posteriorregion, lateral lobes rectangular and not expanded (Fig. 2E). Cubital vein slightly curved, thickening slightly from the basal edge to apical margin; stridulatory file with 30 teeth. Fore femur with three ventral spinules on inner margin of the distal portion, fore tibia with four spines on each ventral margin and without any very developed spine on the dorsal margin near the apex of the tympanum; middle femur with three lamelliform spines on the outer ventral margin, middle tibia with three lamelliform spines on the dorsal margin in basal half, hind femur with four triangular spines on inner ventral margin and a more prominent spine on the antero-apical portion, with obtuse apex. Male cerci with the external branch longer than internal branch, gently flattened, apex slightly sclerotized. Internal branch as long as a quarter of the external branch, triangular with sclerotized apex (Fig. 2J). Subgenital plate square with slightly emarginate apex and digitiform styli.

Female: Unknown.

Measurements.— (in mm) Body 14♂14.5, total length 41♂42, pronotum 3.3♂3.5, tegmina 24, hind femora 15♂16, hind tibiae 17.

Diagnosis.—Structure on vertex variable, may be reduced and tubercle-shaped or elongated and cylindrical; median ocellus conspicuous, genae tuberculate. Pronotum usually tuberculate with four or six emarginations on lateral margins of pronotal disk. Male cerci with external branch rather long and spine-shaped, curved upward and with acute apex; inner branch longer, partially lamelliform and with two lobes, the upper one hook-shaped, the lower one smaller and armed with very small apical hooks.

Type species.—Anaphidna mexicana Gorochov, 2012.

Etymology.—Dedicated to Mark O'Brien, always helpful collection manager of the Insect Division at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ).

Diagnosis.—Posterior denticle, spine-like and slightly curved forward, lateral ocelli ovoid (Fig. 4C). Pronotal disk armed with six tubercles on lateral margins (Fig. 4D, E). Ventral lobe of male cerci armed with four small spines (Fig. 4G), external branch curved moderately and with apex sclerotized. Notch of subgenital plate quadrangular and slightly undulated on medial portion, styles conical and thin (Fig. 4I).

Holotype: ♂ Guatemala, Petén, Santa Elena, Ixpanpajul, 250 m (16.872964° N, 89.81478° W), 28 July 2012, J. Monzón leg., deposited in the Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Francisco José de Caldas, Colección Artrópodosy otros Invertebrados (CAUD), Bogotá, Colombia.

Paratypes: 9♂♂ same data as holotype (7 in CAUD and 2 in UMMZ); 4♂♂ Guatemala, Izabal, Morales, Finca Firmeza del Banco, Sierra de Caral, 600 m (15.407148° N, 88.696255° W), 14–16 July 2015, J. Monzón leg. [1 CAUD, 3 Colección de Artrópodos de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (UVGC)].

Description.—

Male (holotype): Median ocellus almost as wide as long; apex of anterior denticle on vertex narrow and bifurcate; middle denticle widely oval in profile; posterior denticle high, spine-like, and with apical part rather thin and directed upward (Fig. 4B, C). Pronotal disk with a pair of moderately high tubercles near anterior edge, a pair of similarly high tubercles on middle part, and a pair of thick and rounded but not high tubercles on latero-proximal parts of hind lobe; outer surface of lateral lobes granulated along ventral edge (Fig. 4D, E). Tegmina with main part of Rs slightly longer than its longest branch. Stridulatory file with 31 teeth (Fig. 4F). Fore femur with four short inner ventral spines in distal half, two inner apical spinules; fore tibia with a pair of small dorsal spinules near distal edges of tympanum, four pairs of short and thin ventral spines; middle femur with three short outer ventral lamellar spines, two outer apical spinules; middle tibia with three outer and five inner dorsal spines similar to ventral spines of hind femur, hind femur with six outer ventral spines, similar to the ones on middle femur but longer, and most distal spine strongly widened, first and second innerventral spines similar to outer ones but not large and restricted to distal part of femur, and two pairs of apical spinules, upper spinules distinctly longer and slightly protruding behind femoral apex; one thin and inarticulate inner dorsal subapical spine, one inner dorsoapical spur, seven pairs of thin ventral spines; hind tibia with 15 dorsal spines on each margin. Cerci with lower projection of inner lobe wide and with four small apical hooks (Fig. 4G); subgenital plate with anterior edge of postero-median notch, styli cylindrical with coniform apex (Fig. 4I).

Female: Unknown.

Measurements.— (in mm): Body 15–16, total length 43–44, pronotum 3.3–3.5, tegmina 25–26, hind femora 16–17, hind tibiae 18.

Comments.—This species is similar to A. hernandezi Cadena-Castañeda, 2012 and A. mexicana Gorochov, 2012 in shape of denticles of the vertex. In all three species the anterior denticle is slightly divided. In A. obrieni n. sp. the middle denticle (the part containing the ocelli) is frontally gently truncated, whereas in the two other species it is rounded. In the new species the crest is more slender and elongated compared to A. mexicana, curving gradually forward. The male subgenital plate is terminally transverse, while in A. mexicana it has a v-shaped emargination. In male cerci of A. obrieni n. sp. there is variation in the number of denticulations on the lower lobe of the internal branch: Usually there are 5 on the left cercus and 3–4 on the right one (Fig. 4G, H); in the holotype both cerci have 4.