Case description

A 4-year-old domestic shorthair cat was referred for investigation of paraplegia 48 h following a suspected road traffic accident. The cat had been initially stabilised with analgesia and fluid therapy at the referring veterinary surgery. No abnormalities had been detected at the referring veterinary surgery on survey spinal radiography (Figure 1). During the initial stabilisation period there was reported improvement from paraplegia to non-ambulatory paraparesis.

Figure 1

(a) Right lateral thoracic radiograph and (b) dorsoventral view of thorax. Both images were taken conscious with sandbags as restraints

The cat presented with a non-ambulatory paraparesis with moderate movement of the left pelvic limb and minimal movement of the right pelvic limb. Conscious sensation and segmental spinal reflexes were retained, consistent with an upper motor neuron lesion localised to T3–L3 spinal cord segments. No pain was elicited on palpation of the vertebral column, although methadone had been administered 2 h prior to examination. No other neurological deficits were demonstrated. Clinical examination was otherwise within normal limits, with no evidence of thoracic or abdominal pathology

Differential diagnoses included non-displaced spinal fracture or luxation, or traumatic disc extrusion. Advanced imaging, including CT and MRI, were performed.

CT of the vertebral column revealed fracture of the right T9 and T12 ribs in the dorsal third region (Figure 2). There was luxation of the T9 rib head, which appeared to be located within the T8–T9 intervertebral foramen. The dorsal rim of the T8–T9 foramen was fractured. On MRI there was a focal region of intraparenchymal T2 hyperintensity within the spinal cord adjacent to the rib head that was consistent with contusion. The rib head was located within the extradural space and creating some deviation of the spinal cord to the left with loss of the T2 hyperintense signal that normally surrounds the spinal cord. Although there was some reduction in dimension of the vertebral canal on transverse CT and MRI, there was no significant ongoing compression of the spinal cord demonstrated.

Figure 2

CT images of the affected rib head. Asterisks indicate the affected rib; arrows indicate normal foramina. (a) Axial view (plus sign indicates the normal position of the left rib), (b) sagittal view, (c) coronal view and (d) three dimensional reconstruction.

R = right; L = left; Cr = cranial; Ca = caudal

The diagnosis from the advanced imaging was of a focal contusive spinal cord lesion secondary to trauma from the luxated T9 rib head passing through the T8–T9 intervertebral foramen.

Although a surgical approach to remove the T9 rib head from the intervertebral foramen was discussed with the owner, owing to the absence of ongoing spinal cord compression and the improving neurological status, conservative management was initially pursued. The cat was hospitalised with buprenorphine and meloxicam analgesia on day 1, this was then reduced to meloxicam only. Potential urinary incontinence was managed by careful monitoring and gentle palpation of the bladder every 4 h to see if manual expression was required. By the second day of hospitalisation urination continued after only minimal manual pressure. The cat was also monitored for its ability to defaecate, although the neurolocalisation was cranial to the nerves innervating the anal sphincter and anal tone was present, suggesting problems would be less likely to develop.

After 3 days of hospitalisation the neurological status had further improved and the cat displayed greater movement of the right pelvic limb but remained non-ambulatory. It was now urinating spontaneously without the need for external bladder pressure. The cat was discharged with instructions to crate rest for a further 4 weeks before a gradual reintroduction to normal exercise. The meloxicam was continued for 5 days only as the cat did not appear to be in any further pain since the accident.

Six weeks following initial presentation, the cat was re-examined at the referral practice. The owner reported good improvement with return to ambulation, including an ability to jump up onto low surfaces. On neurological examination the cat was ambulatory paraparetic with good movement of both pelvic limbs with a moderate general proprioceptive ataxia. Five months later, the owners report that the cat has no discernible abnormality to its movement.

Discussion

Spinal cord injury secondary to rib head luxation through the intervertebral foramen has been reported sporadically in humans,^1–7 where it has often been linked to an ongoing medical condition such as scoliosis or neurofibromatosis rather than isolated traumatic injury. In the majority of these cases,^1,7 there was evidence of spinal cord compression on advanced imaging and all reported human cases underwent surgical management with rib resection.

Rib head intrusion through the intervertebral foramen in cats has never been reported, despite rib injuries being a significant consequence of traumatic injury.⁸ Measurement on the CT images in this case demonstrated the left and right rib heads to have a maximal diameter of 3.4 mm, while the contralateral left foramen had a maximal dimeter of 2.0 mm. The fractured rim of the right gave a maximal diameter of 3.6 mm, which had allowed penetration of the rib head into the vertebral canal. This suggests that the spinal cord concussive injury in this case was only facilitated by the fracture of the foraminal rim.

Human patients with neurofibromatosis dystrophic deformities exhibit varying degrees of lordosis and kyphosis with altered anatomy of the intervertebral vertebral foramen. The foramen at the apex of a kyphotic curve may be larger than normal and if larger than the adjacent rib head predispose to impaction of the rib head within the vertebral canal. No fracture of the lamina has been reported associated previous human cases.

Spinal cord malformation with thoracic kyphosis is a common finding in brachycephalic breeds of dogs,^9,10 which are becoming increasingly popular in the UK,^11,12 and it will be interesting to see if this is associated with future identification of rib impaction into intervertebral foramen.

Glucocorticoids were not considered appropriate in this cat because the neurological status was already improving and analgesia was considered more appropriate in the form of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication. Theoretically, glucocorticoids may have benefit in reducing vasogenic oedema associated with spinal cord contusion, they do not improve cytotoxic oedema. They are also associated with adverse side effects. Given that spinal cord contusion does not require treatment and side effects are a complication,^13,14 glucocorticoids were not administered in this cat.

This case appears to present an interesting complication of traumatic rib luxation, which is normally prevented by the relative size of the rib head and the intervertebral foramen and only facilitated in this case by an associated fracture. Previous human cases have required spinal cord decompression due to the ongoing compression, while this case responded well to conservative therapy. Concussive spinal cord injury in cats might be expected to respond well to conservative therapy, as predicted from both classical experimental studies^15,16 and previously reported non-compressive cases of intervertebral disc disease.¹⁷

Conclusions

Impaction of a luxated rib head through the intervertebral foramen is usually prevented by the relative dimensions of the structures. In cases such as this where there is associated fracture of the structures around the foramen and in animals with kyphotic thoracic spinal malformation, spinal cord trauma from rib head impaction through the foramen may need to be considered.