The wheat aphid, Sitobion miscanthi Takahashi, a serious wheat pest, was previously considered to be highly migratory and anholocyclic in China. We recorded 69 alleles and 346 multilocus genotypes among 708 aphid individuals from 12 populations in China using 5 microsatellite loci. This genotypic diversity indicates that at least some holocyclic lineages exist. Bayesian clustering analysis revealed that there are two differentiated genetic groups of S. misanthi, one northern and one southern, in China. Principal coordinates analysis of population genetic distance, pairwise F_ST's, and network analysis of individual minimum spanning distance also supported the division. Low levels of migration were detected between the northern and southern sampling sites, but the high genetic differentiation does not support the hypothesis S. miscanthi overwinters in the south and migrates to the north in the spring annually.