Muin, M.; Karjadi E.A.; Yuanita, N., and Yusuf, I.Y.A., 2019. Application of a 3D non-orthogonal ocean circulation and sediment transport model on pipeline risk assessment due to dredging activity in West Java, Indonesia. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 1-5. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

A three-dimensional non-orthogonal boundary fitted ocean circulation and sediment transport model (MuSed3D) was employed to conduct a risk assessment of Perusahaan Gas Negara (PGN) pipeline due to dredging activities in Banten Province, West Java, Indonesia. The pipeline starts from Bekasi Jakarta and ends in Maringgai Lampung, Indonesia. Dredging activities will change ocean circulation in the adjacent area, which can cause erosion or deposition along the pipeline. As a result, the erosion along the pipeline can increase the risk of pipeline failure. The model was run using wind, tidal forcing, and river discharge data to obtain water velocity and sedimentation processes along the pipeline. Wave hindcasting and transformation were also conducted to obtain wave height and period along the pipeline in nearshore region. The simulation results indicate that the dredging activities will increase the risk of pipeline failure at certain location on the pipeline.

Jang, S.Y.; Kim, H.J., and Cho, W.C., 2019. Application of a geo-tube in reducing estuary accretion and beach erosion at Jinha beach in Ulju-gun, South Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 6-10. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Estuary accretion and beach erosion occur simultaneously at Jinha beach in Ulju-Gun, located in the eastern part of South Korea. Coastal monitoring has been performed to understand the causes of estuary accretion and beach erosion at Jinha beach. An 80-m-long geo-tube was installed between the Myungseon island and the salient at Jinha beach, where sediment transports are active, to reduce estuary accretion and beach erosion. In this study, we analyze the coastal monitoring data and provide analysis results to establish additional countermeasures to reduce estuary accretion and beach erosion at Jinha beach.

Hong, S.; Choi, Y.; Kim, T.; Lee, G.S.; Hur, D.S., and Kwon, S., 2019. The enhanced mitigation of coastal erosion using the artificial coral reefs. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 11-15. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The increase of the sea level, coastal development, and secondary damages caused by hard structures have threatened the coastal resilience recently. To cope with these problems, we introduced an alternative method using a soft structure of a ductile-type submerged breakwater named artificial coral reefs (ACRs). We performed two-dimensional hydraulic experiments to verify the reduction efficiency of the wave transmission rate compared with that of a natural seabed and tetrapod (TTP) structure. In particular, we carried out spectral analysis using the Joint Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP) energy spectrum to determine the peak value of the wave energy. We found that the transmission rate and peak value of the wave are 26.0% and 44.3%, respectively, under ordinary wave conditions, which suggests that ACRs cost-effectively have a suitable wave attenuation efficiency to replace TTP structure for recovering coastline. Finally, the results reveal that crown depth of the structure plays a key role in wave energy attenuation.

Ko, D.; Kang, J., and Ryu, Y., 2019. Experimental study on relation between breach process and velocity distribution on levee due to overflow. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 16-20. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal levee is an defensive structures important in low-lying coastal areas prone to floods, but is vulnerable to overflows when water levels increase extremely. Due to storm surge and high waves, water overflow and wave overtopping occur over coastal levee. Likewise, river levee is to protect lowland areas from floods. However, levee breaches due to aging of levees have caused huge damages on properties and human casualties. To advance as a society, it is essential to pursue meaningful implementations of solutions that prevent the erosion of levees during floods. To find a resilient structure of levee against overflow, this study has tested an environmentally friendly substance for reinforcing levee. With intent to testify the new method, a series of hydraulic experiments were carried out for to verify a flow state and surface velocity distribution according to levee breach progress by building a semi-prototype levee with a bottom width of 5 m, a slope of 1:2, a crown width of 1 m, and a height of 1 m in a 3 m bottom-wide natural channel. By building a measuring system using a number of imaging devices on site, the surface velocity distributions on the earthen levee and the levee reinforced with the new environmentally friendly substance were measured using a LSPIV technique. It is expected to be able to examine the characteristics of flow velocity distribution following breach processes on levees to evaluate the initial points of failure and the weak points during overflow.

Kim, H.-J. and Suh, S.-W., 2019. Summer seasonal sea-level rise and associated potential storm surge vulnerability of the West Coast of Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 21-25. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Typhoon-induced storm surge usually occurs during the summer season. Thus, it is important to account for seasonal sea-level (SL) rise in coastal hazard mitigation. In this study, we analyzed one hour intervals of tidal records for Incheon (INC), Kunsan (KUN), and Mokpo (MOK) stations, located on the West Coast of Korea (WCK), as well as atmospheric pressure, to determine the correlation of SL fluctuations as they relate to the inverse barometer effect. Results exhibited annual (summer) sea-level rise (SLR) of 0.35 (0.32), 0.39 (0.39), and 0.55 (0.53) cm/year at the three stations, respectively. However, the mean SL (MSL) during the summer season was approximately 20 cm higher than the annual MSL. It was found that seasonal atmospheric pressure highly affected SL, with 1.58–1.73 cm per hPa owing to the inverse barometer effect; however, there were phase lags in the summer of one month or more. Although the nodal factor accounted for ± 3.7% of the M₂ tidal amplitude over 18.6-year return period, the resulting M₂ amplitude was maximized in 2090 at 2.87 m, 2.14 m, and 1.62 m at the three reference stations, owing to the macro-tidal environment of the WCK than in 2100. Thus, the target year associated with global warming and SLR, which is normally 2100, should be shifted one decade prior to ensure effective coastal storm surge vulnerability hazards analyses.

Kim, J.; Kim, I.; Nam, J.; Song D., and Lee, H., 2019. Changes in the behavioral characteristics of the Gangmun and Anmok beaches following the construction of artificial reefs. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 26-30. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

On the East coast of South Korea, there is only a small significant difference between low and high tides, meaning that seasonal wave directions appear clearly in recorded data. During summer, southeasterly waves dominate, and northward longshore drift occurs. In addition, the southward transport of littoral sediment occurs under the northeasterly waves that are dominant during winter. However, recent changes in the coastal environment, due to the development of coastal flooding prevention facilities, harbor development projects, and unusual weather conditions, have shown a tendency to increase the erosion of coastal areas. In other words, there is a repeating cycle of positive feedback, in which structures introduced to prevent a certain kind of coastal erosion cause different kinds of coastal erosion. In this study, we used field survey data to analyze the behavioral characteristics of the Gangmun and Anmok beaches for a period of seven years. The results show that the Gangmun and the Anmok beaches are very vulnerable to the effects of artificial constructs. Coastal erosion on Gangmun beach occurred through northward sediment transportation, caused by a dike that was built to avoid the closure of the mouth of Gyungpo stream. After an artificial reef and the groin were constructed to solve this erosion problem, the coastline stabilized. In the case of the Anmok beach, an imbalance in the sand budget supplied from the Namdae stream was brought about by the expansion of the Gangneung harbor, leading to significant beach erosion. After artificial reefs were installed on both beaches to prevent erosion, the area of each beach was increased and each beach's status was stabilized, as a salient beach.

Kwon, Y.-Y.; Choi, J.-W.; Kim, H.; Kim, S., and Kwon, J.-I., 2019. Comparison of the storm surge prediction models using different atmospheric forcing for typhoon CHABA. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 31-35. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Typhoon-induced storm surges can cause severe damage on the Korean Peninsula, where typhoons typically occur two or three times per year. In the case of Typhoon MAEMI (0314), a storm surge of 2.1 m was observed at Masan Port, causing $4.8 billion US dollars in property damage. Therefore, the accurate prediction of the storm surge heights and peak times of typhoon surges occurring in the vicinity of the Korean Peninsula is important for minimizing this damage. Two weather models, Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) and Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) were used to compare storm surges using different atmospheric forcings, and storm surges were calculated using the DElft3D-FM model. By comparing the height and peak time with those of the actual storm, we found that the WRF model results underestimate the actual height and peak time of the typhoon CHABA surge, but the HWRF model is better than the WRF model at predicting the surge height and peak time of the storm surge occurring during typhoon CHABA.

Kim, M.J.; Lee, S.H.; Baek, Y.S.; Do, J.D.; Lim, H.S., and Lee, H.J., 2019. In situ observations of ripples on the surf zone of a beach. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 36-40. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Ripple migration was observed on the surf zone of a beach in the eastern coast of Korea. A 3D sonar sensor and a current meter were placed together on a sand bar in water depth of 3.4 m for about 10 days in the spring of 2017. Bedloads were calculated from the records of ripple geometry and migration and were compared with estimates from a sediment transport model (SEDTRANS96). The ripples observed ranged in height (Hr) and length (Lr) from 0.5 to 8.9 cm and from 11.4 to 125.3 cm, respectively. They were highly dependent on the wave height (Hs) and thus wave-induced current speed (Uc). The largest ripples (Hr = 3.64 cm, Lr = 51.43 cm) occurred during the arrival of waves of 1 m height, the highest waves in the measurement period. At this time, the current and ripple migration speeds (Uc and Ur) were 4.08 cm/s and 17.13 cm/h, respectively. Therefore, the bedload was estimated as 5.785 kg/h/m. However, as Hs decreased to 0.5 m, the size and Ur of the ripples and Uc decreased simultaneously. At the wave height of 0.5 m, the values of Hr, Lr, Uc, and Ur were 1.97 cm, 18.82 cm, 2.72 cm/s, and 0.26 cm/h, respectively. The resulting bedload was estimated as 0.047 kg/h/m. A comparison of the measured and modeled bedloads indicated a model overestimation by a factor of 6–8. The model used the default values of 1 cm and 10 cm for ripple height and length, respectively. The rather large discrepancy may have been derived mainly from inaccuracy in estimating bed shear stress as well as ripple geometry. Therefore, this study emphasizes the importance of in situ ripple observations to place reasonable constraints on modeled bedloads.

Kim, G.H.; Jho, M.H., and Yoon, S.B., 2019. Development of efficient technique to hindcast typhoons and associated waves using numerical weather model. In: Lee, J.L.; Griffiths, T.; Lotan, A.; Suh, K-S, and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 41-45. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

For the prevention of coastal inundations, numerical simulations of storm surges and waves based on the wind information of typhoons are indispensable. The wind field induced by typhoons were generally calculated using so-called parameter models. The parameter models are easy to use. However, it cannot take into account the interaction between the wind and the topographical terrain. In this study an efficient technique is developed to hindcast the wind fields for the past typhoon events. The WRF-ARW model is employed. The vortex components of wind field are first removed from the global data, and an artificial typhoon corresponding to the best-track data is obtained using the TC-bogus routine implemented in the WRF-ARW model, and is prescribed along with the typhoon track. The WRF-ARW run is conducted with the spectral nudging activated. In general, the wind field obtained in this way is much weaker than that of a real typhoon. Thus, an iterative technique is developed. The improved wind field obtained from the first WRF-ARW run is employed as an input wind field for the succeeding WRF-ARW run. The iteration is repeated until a satisfactory result is obtained. The calculated wind fields and associated wave fields are compared with the data measured at several buoy stations. Good agreement is achieved. The improved wind field can serve as a useful tool to simulate the coastal inundations for the design of coastal defense works.

Lim, H.S.; Kim, M.J.; Kim, D.H., and Lee, H.J., 2019. Analysis of measured surface nearshore currents using multiple drifters on Anmok beach, South Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 46-50. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

To understand the mechanism of sediment transport and beach erosion processes in the surf zone near the coast of the Korean Peninsula, the development of coastal erosion control technology, an R&D project supported by the Korean government, has been conducted since 2013. Anmok Beach, located on the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula, has been studied by measuring currents and sediment transport using bottom-mounted acoustic sensors and offshore long-term wave observation since February 2015. Moreover, for measurement of surface currents, multiple Lagrangian drifters were developed and successfully deployed nine times near the surf zone and submerged breakwaters close to Kangneung northern breakwaters. The variation of the measured bottom currents was induced directly by seasonal wave height and direction, depending on the incoming waves from the NNE in winter, ENE in summer, and NE, normal to the shoreline, in the case of high waves. However, the measured surface currents were affected not only by the incoming waves in the presence of high-energy waves, but also by wind speed and direction in the presence of low-energy waves. In this study, the observed surface nearshore currents measured by small Lagrangian GPS drifters near the surf zone and submerged breakwaters at Anmok were analyzed to investigate the variability of the wave-induced currents and nearshore surface currents generated by different wave and wind environments. The drifter experiments showed that offshore surface currents in the surf zone were predominantly developed, especially by strong seaward winds that opposed the direction of the weak waves. However, onshore surface currents were developed by wave-induced currents generated by the interaction of waves from offshore accompanied by sea winds. This measurement is now used to calibrate and validate the coastal sediment modeling system for the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula.

Park, H.; Cox, D.T., and Shin, S., 2019. Physical modeling of horizontal and vertical tsunami forces on the elevated overland structure. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 51-55. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

In this study, two-dimensional hydraulic model tests were conducted to investigate the characteristics of the force of tsunami waves on the simplified box-type elevated structure. The vertical elevation of the structure was changed to investigate the relation between the wave force and the air gap. The tsunami waves were generated by using the error function with the full-stroke of the wave paddle to maximize inundation. The horizontal and vertical wave forces and pressures on the structure by the tsunami waves were measured, and the relation between the maximum wave force, air gap and the incident wave condition was derived. Using the measured maximum horizontal wave force from the different wave conditions, the empirical formula of the non-dimensionalized horizontal wave force as a function of the surf similarity parameter was obtained. It was found that the horizontal wave force is inversely proportional to the surf similarity parameter in the case of the unelevated structure. The experimental results also showed that the ratio of the horizontal force to the vertical force is larger in the case of broken and breaking wave conditions in the case of the elevated structures.

Park, J.H.; Yuk, J.H.; Joo. W.K. and Lee. H.S., 2019. Wave run-up modeling with adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) method in the Busan Marine City during typhoon Chaba (1618). In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 56-60. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The accuracy of numerical calculations is highly dependent on the grid spacing, and the smaller the grid spacing the better the accuracy. However, the portion requiring high accuracy often corresponds to only a part of the entire model domain. Setting a small grid interval for the entire model domain to study the calculation region is undesirable from the viewpoint of computation load and computation time. In this study, we illustrate the efficiency of the adaptive mesh refinement method for wave run-up modelling in terms of computational time and accuracy using numerical experiments. In this study, we conducted numerical experiments of wave run-up to verify the efficacy of the Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) method in terms of accuracy and computation load for typhoon Chaba (1618). We determined that wave propagation modelling with storm surge height using the AMR method might be a good alternative to calculated wave run-up height. The difference between the observed and AMR model values for wave run-up height was calculated to be less than 1 m. Compared to the results of non-adaptive experiments with fixed spatial resolutions, those with the AMR method produced highly accurate results, while requiring only 75% of the computation time. The estimation of wave run-up height using AMR is expected to allow the accurate estimation of coastal inundation if more accurate topography and input conditions are given.

Kim, H.; An, H.-Y., Jeong, J.-H., Kang, Y.-H., Song, S.-K., and Kim, Y.-K., 2019. The causes of sudden windstorm inducing a deadly threat to coastal safety: A case study for the fishing boat overturning on February 28, 2018. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 61-65. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The incidence of overturning fishing vessels was approximately 2.7% of the total number of incidents involving fishing vessels in 2017, which is much smaller than that of engine failures or collisions, but it cannot be overlooked easily considering the damage scale (property and human life). In particular, after the sinking of the MV Sewol, also referred to as the Sewol Ferry Disaster, in 2014, the ship incident along with the casualties has been a great shock and trauma to the Korean people so far. On the afternoon of February 28, 2018, the fishing boat, Keun-Ryong, overturned in the open sea in front of Wando Island, causing seven casualties (two deaths and five missing persons) that also caused the shockwaves through the social community in Korea. According to media reports, the national coast guard deduced that the fishing vessel faced an unexpected condition and the crews could not press the distress signal button. In addition, bad weather condition due to wind gusts was considered the main cause. The instantaneous maximum wind speed in the shore near the accident area reached 20.7 m/s, but the quantitative wind speed at the accident spot was not known due to the absence of weather observations. To determine if a strong wind gust can overturn a fishing boat and to overcome the limitation due to the absence of weather observations in the open sea, high-resolution modelling was carried out using the WRF model in this study. A range of observation data were used to verify the model prediction as well as performance and to analyze the atmospheric instability between the upper and lower levels. Efforts need to be made prevent such accidents from recurring by predicting when similar weather conditions occur in the future.

Hur, D.S.; Cho, W.C.; Lee, J.L., and Jeong, Y.M., 2019. Sand suction characteristics in the rear side of a revetment using DEM-WASS-2D. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 66-70. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The coupled analysis of a particle method and a wave field model was conducted to examine numerically the characteristics of sand behaviors at the bottom and in the rear side of a revetment. The two-way coupled analysis used in this study can not only consider the interaction among the wave, revetment, and ground but also represent sand behaviors at the bottom and in the rear side of a revetment under waves. The validity and usefulness of the two-way coupled analysis was ensured by comparing hydraulic characteristics around an impermeable revetment with the results of a hydraulic model experiment. In the coupled analysis, characteristics of sand behaviors at the bottom and in the rear side of a revetment were numerically analyzed according to the installation of an incident wave and submerged breakwater. As the wave energy increased, the sand transport from the bottom of the revetment also increased. The transport rates of sand from the bottom of the revetment to the open sea decreased by 14-93% when a submerged breakwater was installed under the tidal condition of this study. In addition, the two-way coupled analysis was also effective in numerically examining the stability of the bottom and rear side of a revetment according to the characteristics of sand behaviors.

Kim, M.-S.; Kim, H.; Eom, H.-M.; Yoo, S.-H., and Woo, S.-B., 2019. Occurrence of hazardous meteotsunamis coupled with pressure disturbance traveling in the Yellow Sea, Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 71-75. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Several unexpected abnormal waves occurred near the west coast of Korea on March 31, 2007, May 4, 2008, April 26, 2011, and caused enormous damage to property and human lives. None of the events reported at the time were noticeably large, such as earthquakes or typhoons. However, in all reported events, it was observed that sea-level pressure disturbances combined with clusters of the atmospheric instability were propagated from China to the west coast of Korea. After these atmospheric disturbances were observed along the coast, significant meteorological tsunamis were also observed at tidal stations near the accident site. On the hazardous meteotsunami dates, arrival time and duration of the high-frequency sea-level oscillations were correlated with the pressure disturbance and high rain rate. To analyze the interaction between the pressure disturbance and the following sea-level oscillations, their propagation characteristics were also compared. As a result, they traveled to the eastward crossing over the Yellow Sea with coupled propagation on the dates of the accident. This process made the sea-level fluctuated by rapid pressure changes and amplified by Proudman resonance in a specific range of depth.

Yoon, J.-S.; Lee, J., and Ha, T., 2019. Development of a numerical algorithm considering tide–tsunami interaction. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 76-80. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The perimeter of the Pacific Ocean Basin, known as the Ring of Fire, has several sources that can produce strong earthquakes of magnitude ≥7.0. The earthquake of magnitude 9.0-9.1, occurred in 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku, produced a devastating tsunami that affected the Pacific Basin. The lead time before the subsequent tsunami of such an earthquake reaches the coastal areas of the Korean peninsula varies. A tsunami from a distant location like Chile or California, USA, will take 12 h or more to reach the Korean peninsula, while that from Japan or the Ryuku Trench will take only 1–4 h. The tide–tsunami interaction may be strengthened significantly in some regions with very strong tides and could be used to predict tsunami hazards in Korea. Therefore, to develop a plan for mitigating tsunami hazards around the Korean peninsula, the tide–tsunami interaction that occurs during the propagation of a tsunami over regions with strong tides and tidal currents should be properly evaluated and its impact on a local community should be considered during numerical simulations. We developed a new numerical algorithm that includes tide–tsunami interactions for the national tsunami forecasting system. Numerical experiments using this tsunami forecasting algorithm were conducted to investigate the impact of tide–tsunami interactions as the tsunami propagates toward coastal areas of the Korean peninsula.

Duong, T.T.; Jung, K.-H.; Lee, G.-N.; Kim, D.-S.; Suh, S.-B., and Kim, M.-S., 2019. Experimental study on wave impact under deck due to regular waves. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 81-85. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Wave forces acting on the lower decks of offshore platforms can cause significant structural damage and play an important role in the design of offshore structures. In this study, the wave impact phenomena under horizontal decks of offshore structures were investigated with a series of laboratory experiments measuring vertical global forces and local pressure distributions on fixed horizontal plate subjected to regular waves varying wave height, wave period, and deck clearance. The local pressure data under the deck was used to assess the impulsiveness at each location for various wave conditions and deck clearances. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique was employed to obtain the velocity fields under the deck, which were synchronized with vertical forces and local pressure data. The water velocity profiles during wave loading under deck were compared with velocity profiles of incoming regular waves without the deck and presented the deformation of wave kinematics at each phase of the predominant vertical force change to understand the wave impact phenomena.

Laksmi, A.A.; Kim, T.K., and Lee, J.L., 2019. Numerical approaching of beach profile by using suspended sediment transport process. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 86-90. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The coastal process in a surf zone is very complicated, especially when the wave breaks and it associates turbulence. In a coastal area with wave angle influence the cross-shore process, the energy dissipated per unit water volume by breaking waves generate seabed sediment suspension then drive the materials to offshore along with the undertow in the swash zone. This situation could lead beach profile evolution due to the sediment erosion and deposition across an area in the surf zone. As a result, a sand bar located around the breaking line and berm at the landward region caused by overwash are formed. Furthermore, the beach profile is presumed to be in an equilibrium condition when the total positive and negative littoral transport approaches zero. The equilibrium stage which commonly used is expressed with a power of 2/3 which provide the best representative to the natural beach profile shapes. Under this concept, an analysis on the correlation between the beach profile response due to the incident wave energy and suspended sediment transport in a cross-shore view is carried out. Furthermore, this study develops a simple equilibrium beach profile prediction by analyzing the sediment characteristics and is supported by numerical modeling. Lastly, this study is expected to be practically used for coastal infrastructure design works, especially in the process of mean shoreline position prediction as the basis of the design judgements.

Lee, Y.B.; Kim, K.H; Kim, H.D; Kim, J., Kwak, K., and Park, T., 2019. High wave predictive numerical simulation for the wave alarm system. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 91-95. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

In recent times, coastal damage has been on the increase due to rising sea levels as a result of global warming and the increasing frequency of high waves as a result of climate change. High swells and waves directly invading the coastline propagate more energy onto the shoreline than preexisting waves, causing physical damages such as coastal erosion as well as human casualties. However, an alarm system that can predict high waves by analyzing weather forecasts and transmit the information to a user in real time does not yet exist. Such a technology is necessary to prevent damage and human loss to ever increasing high swells and waves. This research aims to successfully predict high waves by using real time weather data in its simulations to detect potential danger in a user's location, as part of the larger research for the development of a high wave alarm system technology.

Oh, J.; Kim, I.-C.; Suh, K.-D., and Kim, S., 2019. Forecasting sudden high waves on the coasts of East/Japan Sea. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 96-100. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

During the recent decade, marine accidents and property damage due to high waves have frequently occurred on the coasts of East/Japan Sea, especially during the winter season. One of the major characteristics of the waves is its suddenness associated with rapid development of high waves from a calm state of sea. In 2016, Kim, Oh, and Suh named these waves ‘sudden high waves’ and proposed a criterion for sudden high waves by comparing the wave measurement data and the record of marine accidents and property damage on the east coast of the Korean Peninsula. Their intensity parameter of sudden high waves was proposed in terms of local wave height and wavelength. The criterion for sudden high waves is proposed as To enhance its generality, in this study, a similar analysis is made in terms of deepwater wave height and wavelength. It is also shown that the parameter can be forecasted if accurate wave forecast data is available. To show this, the spatio-temporal variation of the parameter is calculated using the wave hindcast data, and the wave measurement data and the record of damage are examined during the period when the parameter exceeds the criterion on the coasts.

Lim, C.B.; Lee, J.L., and Kim, I.H., 2019. Performance test of parabolic equilibrium shoreline formula by using wave data observed in East Sea of Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 101-105. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study is the validity examination of an equilibrium shoreline formula of parabolic type, which was introduced by Hsu in 1987, for real phenomena. Hsu's formula of parabolic type is practical for estimation of shoreline change after coastal or harbor structure construction. The wave data observed at Maengbang beach of East Sea of Korea and the CERC formula on longshore sediment transport were used in the present study. Performance test was conducted for the case of a shoreline change after the construction of a groyne. It was reasonable between the observed wave data and the data obtained under a wave spreading parameter, S = 3.5. However, when S increased, significant changes were observed. Thus, it is required to apply an equilibrium shoreline formula of parabolic type carefully.

Cho, M.; Yoon, H.-D.; Do, K.; Son, S., and Kim, I.–H., 2019. Comparative study on the numerical simulation o bathymetric changes under storm condition. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 106-110. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Topographic changes in the nearshore mainly occur in strong storm condition. To understand bathymetric changes, attempts were made using several numerical models. Nowadays, Delft3D and XBeach are one of the most popular numerical models for predictions of morphodynamics in the nearshore. In this study, a comparative study of Delft3D and XBeach was performed to understand bathymetric changes under storm condition. The model parameters were calibrated with field observations. Storm surge and storm-induced wave field were re-created to simulate morphodynamics modelling. Bathymetric evolution, as well as shoreline changes were in a good agreement with field observations. BSS (Brier Skill Score) evaluation was applied to compare the accuracy of predictions of both models.

Shin, C.H.; Yoon, S.B., and Jho, M.H., 2019. Laboratory and numerical experiments on stem waves due to random waves. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 111-115. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

In this study, precisely-controlled laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the characteristics of stem waves developed by the incidence of unidirectional random waves. The measured data were compared with numerical simulation results and analytical solutions. Numerical simulation using the non-hydrostatic wave model, SWASH, were performed. The followings were found: for the case of small amplitude waves no stem wave is developed, and the analytical solution agrees well with the measured data. However, for the finite amplitude waves the analytical solution gives no stem wave, while the measured data show clearly stem waves along the wall. On the other hand, the numerical results are found to agree well with the measured data. The width and normalized wave height of stem waves were found to be wider and smaller, respectively, as the nonlinear property of the incident waves increased. This tendency is the same as that generated by monochromatic waves. However, the normalized significant wave height distribution normal to the wall showed that, unlike in the case of monochromatic waves, no standing wave pattern is observed.

Hur, D.S.; Jung, K.H.; Park, J.R., and Lee, W.D., 2019. Wave control performance of tide-adapting low-crested structure. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 116-120. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Low-Crested Structures (LCSs) are aesthetically apt coastal structures with wave and sand drift control functions. However, they are inappropriate in waters where the tidal range is large because the crest width and height must be above certain levels to allow the breakwater to carry out these functions. Forced wave breaking cannot be induced during high tide because the crest depth increases. Therefore, a Tide-Adapting Low-Crested Structure (TA-LCS) is proposed to overcome the problems caused by large tidal ranges. The hydraulic performance of the proposed LCS was evaluated and compared with that of a typical LCS via hydraulic model experiments. The typical LCS showed an excellent wave screening effect with an average transmission coefficient of 0.4 under the conditions of F_b/H_i=0.29–0.67 and B/L_i=0.09–0.15. The wave screening performance of the new type of LCS was 9.5–28.8 % lower than that of the typical LCS. However, the wave screening performance of the new type of LCS decreased only by 9.1–10.4 % under the condition of F_b/H_i≤1 and only by 24.3 % under the condition of F_b/H_i=4. Therefore, the new type of LCS proposed in this study is expected to exhibit its wave control functions during high tide even when installed in a coastal area with a large tidal range.

Lee, W.D.; Jeong, Y.H., and Jeon, H.S., 2019. Groundwater flow analysis in a coastal aquifer with the coexistence of seawater and freshwater by using a non-hydrostatic pressure model. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 121-125. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The study proposes a new hydrostatic pressure model for flow analysis of a coastal aquifer wherein seawater and freshwater coexist. The numerical model introduces an advection–diffusion equation for salinity and temperature to trace the behaviors of seawater and freshwater in the Navier–Stokes (N-S) solver based on the porous body model (PBM) that considers the characteristics of a coastal aquifer (e.g., particle size, porosity, and shape). Furthermore, the density current is analyzed based on a state equation that determines the properties of water (density and viscosity) based on salinity and temperature. This enables the flow analysis of a coastal aquifer based on non-linear interferences between seawater and freshwater. In order to validate the proposed numerical model, a numerical constant water head permeability test device is set up, and the calculated permeability coefficient of the porous media exhibits a high degree of agreement with the value measured in the experiment. Flow simulations of a coastal aquifer are conducted based on the water level difference and salinity difference between seawater and groundwater. Additionally, hydrodynamic characteristics are analyzed from the water table, flow field, salinity distribution, and maximum penetration distance of the coastal aquifer. Specifically, an in-depth discussion of the diffusion of salinity near the shoreline and the movements of the seawater and freshwater interface is presented, which is largely absent in extant models.

Shin, S.; Bae, I.-R., and Lee, J.-I., 2019. Physical modelling of the wave transmission over a tetrapod armored artificial reef. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 126-130. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Two-dimensional laboratory experiments were conducted in the wave flume to investigate the wave transmission phenomena over both impermeable and permeable artificial reef structures, which were armored with tetrapods. Different cases of the experimental conditions were included by changing permeability, relative crest height, relative crest width, wave steepness and so on. A modified empirical formula from the existing formula was proposed to predict the wave transmission coefficient over the various specifications and structural designs of the artificial reef. The proposed formula successfully predicted the wave transmission coefficients for permeable, partially permeable and impermeable structures. Therefore, in this study, the empirical formula of the wave transmission over the artificial reef was improved from the existing formula by including various permeable cases.

Choi, J.Y. and Heo, K.Y., 2019. Impact of the initial conditions from an atmospheric model on a wave forecast system. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 131-135. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study aimed to improve the accuracy of dangerous wave prediction, using the example of the Korean east coast. Generally, the accuracy of wave prediction depends on the accuracy of weather prediction. Therefore, we attempted to improve the performance of a weather model by improving its initial conditions. In this study, two initial weather conditions obtained from an atmospheric weather model were employed, to simulate high, swell-like waves, in the East Sea. In the first simulation, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was run for 72 h, from a cold-start, cycling a 3D-Var data assimilation through, every 3 h, from the start time to +6 h (a “cold-start” run). In the second simulation, the WRF model was run for 78 h from cold-start, cycling the 3D-Var data assimilation every 3 h from -6 h to +6 h, in a simulation called a "hot-start" run. The WRF model was initialized using boundary conditions from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS), and SWAN 41.10 was used for the wave model. Based on observational data collected over six months, the error in the “hot-start” prediction run was reduced by approximately 5%, in comparison with the “cold start” run.

Yoon, J.J. and Shim, J.S., 2019. Wave response analysis of a sinkable float-type storm surge barrier through hydraulic experiments. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 136-140. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

A sinkable float-type storm surge barrier is a new type of structure, which can reduce coastal disasters due to storm surges. This barrier usually rests on the seabed and uses its buoyancy to rise up and form a seawall when a storm surge occurs. Sinkable float-type storm surge barriers consist of a buoyant main body connected to a foundation structure on the seabed by a hinge. In this study, a wave response analysis is experimentally conducted on the barrier. In order to examine the wave reflection and transmission of buoyant float-type storm surge barriers, hydraulic experiments were conducted at 1/10^th scale under regular and irregular wave conditions with free and semi-free movement. The wave blocking capabilities of the sinkable float-type barrier against storm surges were confirmed. In addition, the characteristics of the barrier motion and wave pressure have been clarified with changing wave conditions. Two types of barrier, free-moving and semi-free-moving, were tested. From the hydraulic experiments, it was found that this type of barrier is effective to the wave transmission as well as reflection. Furthermore, it was shown that the semi-free-moving barrier cases are more effective to the wave blocking. It is shown that a sinkable float-type barrier placed at the mouth of a bay can be used as a storm surge barrier. However, further detailed hydraulic and numerical experiments are needed to calculate accurate predictions of barrier motion under wave-current combined conditions.

Park, S.-K. and Hong S., 2019. Integrity assessment of marine piles for onshore bridges based on on-site inspection. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 141-145. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The boundary conditions caused by the ocean currents increase the total length of cast-in-place marine piles. The increased pile length is in turn able to generate a moment that is greater than that of the fixed end moment established during the design. As a result, the accidents caused by the collapse of the marine piles are frequent due to the erosion or the large seabed sediment transport at many onshore bridge construction sites. In this study, the health of nonoverturned piles on onshore bridges whose marine piles were overturned during construction was evaluated through on-site inspection, particularly through visual inspection, side scan SONAR, and echo sounding. To verify the pile production accuracy, two of the overturned piles were lifted and inspected.

Jeong, Y.M.; Jeon, H.S.; Park, J.R.; Jeong, Y.H., and Hur, D.S., 2019. NWT-DEM coupled numerical analysis on wave attenuation due to vegetation. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 146-150. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

In this study, the numerical wave tank (NWT) and discrete element method (DEM) coupled analysis method was used to investigate the wave control characteristics of eco-friendly and natural vegetation. To examine the effectiveness and validity of the coupled analysis method, the results were compared with the existing hydraulic model test results. Most of the existing studies used numerical analysis methods that cannot consider the kinetic characteristics of vegetation owing to the drag coefficient (C_D) of vegetation. As such, this study reproduced the kinetic characteristics of vegetation (which have not numerically examined but can be seen in the hydraulic model tests) using the coupled analysis method, and examined the wave control characteristics of vegetation by comparing its behavior according to its characteristics (flexible and rigid). Through the coupled analysis method, it was confirmed that rigid vegetation has a 1.2%–12.2% higher transmission coefficient (K_T) than flexible vegetation in terms of wave attenuation of the vegetation zone due to the kinetic characteristics of vegetation.

Kim, T.W.; Kim, Y.J.; Cho, W.C.; Park, B.W., and Yoon, J.S., 2019. Study on the characteristics of the hydraulic environment in the down-stream area according to the discharge of Changnyeong-haman weir. In: Lee, J.-L.; Yoon, J.S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp.151-155. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study refined the reproducibility of a stream cross section of the Nakdong River using the Modified EFDC model and examined the salt water flow from the external sea to the river upstream according to the changing gate open rate of Nakdong River estuary barrage and the influent flow and tide level conditions in the Changnyenong-Haman Weir using a numerical model. Furthermore, numerical simulations were conducted and the hydraulic characteristics were examined to investigate the flushing effect according to the changing discharge of the Changnyenong-Haman Weir in the event of a salt wedge.

Yuk, J.-H. and Joh, M., 2019. Prediction of typhoon-induced storm surge, waves and coastal inundation in the Suyeong River Area, South Korea: A case study during typhoon Chaba. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 156-160. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Typhoon-induced storm surge and high waves caused coastal inundation and resulting coastal damages in the south-eastern coast of South Korea (the Republic of Korea), especially in the Suyeong River Area (SRA), Busan during typhoon Chaba (201618) which occurred early in October 2016. This study developed a prediction system based on weather and tide-surge-wave models to guide countermeasures against coastal inundation. The weather prediction model is named K-MPAS (KISTI - Model for Prediction Across Scales), and was optimized by KISTI to more accurately predict typhoons in the Western Pacific Ocean. The tide-surge-wave model ADCIRC+SWAN, a widely-used model, is based on a flexible unstructured grid with a more detailed grid for the region of interest (SRA). As a case study, the meteorological condition, storm-surge, and waves due to typhoon Chaba were predicted using this prediction system, and are presented and discussed in terms of the typhoon track, surface pressure, wind, storm-surge, waves, and resultant coastal inundation in the SRA. The model results were in good agreement with observations, thus this prediction system can provide a reliable service for coastal disaster management.

Du, S.; Liang, B., and Lee, D.Y, 2019. Numerical investigation of local scour with inclined piles. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 161-165. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

In coastal and offshore engineering applications, foundations of breakwaters, offshore wind turbine foundations and piles are often damaged by local scour induced by currents or waves, which will threaten people's property and life security. The present study focuses on the local scour around cylinder piles, which are inclined toward upstream, downstream, and lateral. A vertical pile together with the three types of inclined piles was investigated by a numerical model in clear-water scour condition. Each type of the inclined pile was simulated for five inclination angles ranging from 15° to 45°. The angle of inclination is between the pile axis and the bed normal. By solving the Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations, steady currents around the piles are simulated with the validated model. The results show significant differences in scour and deposition for the vertical and inclined piles. Sediments transport induced by the horseshoe vortex, contracted streamlines and the wake vortices were analyzed. Upward flow and downward flow in front of the pile were seen quite contrary between downstream inclined pile and upstream inclined pile. Local scour in lateral inclined pile was found moving toward to the inclined side. Maximum scour depth for inclined piles decreases in different degrees compared to the vertical pile.

Kim, H.; Kim, E.J.; So, J.K.; Kim, K.O., and Cha, D.H., 2019. Forecast of rapidly-intensified typhoon Nepartak (T201601) in the eddy-rich Northwestern Pacific region. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 166-170. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

To predict the typhoon tracks and intensity in Northwestern Pacific (NWP), an operational typhoon prediction system has been established. Real-time 5-day prediction is conducted two times per day using the WRF model forced with results from NCEP-GFS. To improve the accuracy of typhoon track prediction the spectral nudging is adopted for the bias reduction in the large-scale environmental field. As a way of improving the prediction accuracy near the initial stage of tropical cyclone (TC) development, the dynamic initialization scheme is employed which helps to obtain a stable initial condition without numerical shocks between different models in the system. The real-time typhoon simulations for the typhoon NEPARTAK using WRF forced with NCEP-GFS prediction data is compared with results from major typhoon prediction agencies. The best results on the track prediction are obtained with the multi-nested case of WRF model. It is however noted that underestimation of the maximum wind speed of WRF prediction still exists, obviously requiring better understanding of RI-related processes to improve the model prediction.

Kang, S.K.; Kim, K.O.; Kim, E.J.; Seung, Y.H., and So, J.K., 2019. Satellite-driven observational and numerical modeling evidence of negative surge by typhoon Talim 2017 over the shelf of East China Sea. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 171-175. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Typhoon Talim was generated in the Northwest Pacific (NWP), entering into the East China Sea (ECS) off the Northeastern Taiwan after propagating northwestward, and then slowly turning northeastward before finally crossing the Kyushu, Japan, from Sep. 9 to 17, 2017. Satellite altimeter data extraordinarily revealed the presence of negative surge in the ECS, while it was greatly masked by warm and cold eddies dominant in the open ocean of the NWP, south of the Ryukyu Islands. This fact was confirmed by a numerical modeling which shows that the negative surge appears in the ECS off the northeast Taiwan as the typhoon Talim approaches the shelf. It seems that the negative surge is driven by typhoon Talim associated with the Ekman divergence forced by strong positive wind stress curl formed around the typhoon center.

Yuanita, N.; Kurniawan, A.; Setiawan, H.; Hasan, F., and Khasanah, M., 2019. Physical model of natural coastal protection system: Wave transmission over mangrove seedling trees. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 176-180. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Erosion is one of main problem in coastal area. In order to solve erosion problem, currently natural coastal protection using vegetation such as mangrove is preferable in many places in the world. However, there are challenges in development of this natural coastal protection, e.g. mangrove-seedling-trees have been damaged by the waves or current, before they are growth strongly which required at least 2 years of plantation. To solve this problem, a natural coastal protection system consists of combination of main natural protection and temporary manmade structures is proposed. The study aimed to quantify the wave height reduction with various mangrove densities as well as the influence of mangrove seedling trees arrangements on wave reduction. The laboratory experiments were conducted in a narrow wave flume using model of mangrove as main natural protection and geotextile-geobag models as temporary manmade structure. Various wave conditions were generated during this laboratory test. This paper focus on the experiment results of wave transmission over mangrove seedling trees in order to determine the most effective configuration of mangrove trees plantation against wave. The results showed that the wave height reduction in area with mangroves was about two times larger compared to that in bare land. The wave reduction difference between tandem and staggered arrangements of trees was less than 20 %. It is also found that the temporary structure is significantly reduce wave height and protect mangrove seeds grow from waves attack.

Muin, M. and Yusuf, I.Y.A., 2019. Application 3D Non-Orthogonal hydrodynamics model to assess the impact of reclamation in Benoa Bay Indonesia. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 181-185. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

MuHydro3D, non-orthogonal boundary fitted three dimensional ocean hydrodynamics model in spherical coordinate, was applied to assess the impact of reclamation to water current and salinity in Benoa Bay. The comparison between results of simulation and observations before reclamation are excellent. The simulation results indicate that the water current in the mouth of the bay will decrease significantly. It will cause the longshore sediment will be deposited in the mouth of the bay. The simulation results show significant change of salinity in the bay, which will impact the mangrove ecosystem of the bay.

Yoon, I.J. and Hong, J.-W., 2019. Development of disaster prevention system based on deep neural network using deep learning with dropout. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 186-190. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Recently, unprecedented abnormal climates and disasters of the greatest intensity have increased worldwide due to various problems such as global warming. In particular, from the Great East Japan Eartquake in March 2011, Japan has suffered from the highest frequency of disasters (floods, earthquakes, etc.) and the single largest external force (tsunami) that have not been experienced before. For such disasters of the maximum frequency, the hard and soft countermeasures alone have limitations and it is critical to integrate and appropriately harmonize them with various disaster prevention systems.

The purpose of this study is to develop a flood risk management information system to support natural disaster mitigation measures. The main function of the disaster prevention support system is to select the most similar one to a typhoon before landing based on past typhoon data and artificial intelligence (AI) technology and to present guidelines for prior disaster prevention activities according to various disaster factors caused by the selected typhoon (e.g., water level and river flow rate). A database was constructed for 189 typhoons that directly or indirectly affected the target area among those that occurred between 1950 and 2017, and a system was developed by applying AI technologies such as Deep Neural Network (DNN) and Dropout. The main parameters of this database are typhoon route, central pressure, moving speed, precipitation, water level, and flow rate. For the grid sizes of the model, 2° and 1° in longitude and in latitude were considered. The system search results showed the highest reliability of the model at the grid size of 1° when only typhoon route, center pressure, and moving speed were considered compared to the results of considering other parameters.

Lee, J.-H., Choi, J.U., Jung, H.-S., Kwon, J.-I., and Woo, H.J., 2019. Development of a Marine Environmental Information System (MEIS) using data on Land–Sea interactions in the Nakdong River Estuary, South Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 191-195. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Nakdong River in South Korea is about 510 km long and is subject to natural erosion and sedimentation and various potential sources of human pollution, such as urban dumping and input from industrial complexes and many cities. This study developed a marine environmental information system (MEIS) to understand the land–sea interactions and provide data on the characteristics of the brackish water zone around the barrier islands. The MEIS was run in real time (1-s intervals) and made periodic marine observations (one to four times a year). The real-time data were largely obtained from a closed-circuit television and automatic weather stations using long-term evolution communication at two stations in March 2016. Since May 2015, the data have included periodic observations of surface sediment distributions (n = 90), the characteristics of suspended sediments in inlets and channel (n = 4), the brackish water zone environment during spring tide ebb and flood (n = 14, three lines), the seasonal variation in sedimentation along tidal flats (n = 29, three lines), and landscape classifications of the sub-environment (n = 30) in the barrier islands. The collected information includes real-time and a huge heterogeneous dataset characterized by multi-dimensional, multivariate, and spatiotemporal distribution variability. The system enables data management, and open access is necessary. The MEIS will enable effective estuary management and contribute to reducing the damage caused by natural disasters. Real-time prediction information has been integrated with environmental sensitivity index maps, which are provided using a geographic information system to enable a response strategy.

Lee, J. and Kim, J., 2019. Development of survival swimming curriculum for prevention of drowning: Delphi method. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 196-200. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The purposes of this study were two-fold: (a) identify issues of major concerns regarding survival swim programs and; (b) determine skills or knowledge necessary to learn for grade three to five students of elementary schools. Experts (n = 21) were invited to identify and rank issues in order of importance following the Delphi method protocol. Based on the results, lack of educational facilities, limited space and time, poor instruction, revision of physical education curriculum, and lack of government support were determined the most critical issues regarding the survival swim program. Further, skills or knowledge to learn were the water adjustment, the general knowledge about survival swim, drowning prevention and rescue methods.

Jeong, S.B.; Chang, J.I.; Choe, S.B., and Choi, S., 2019. How a reduction in legal working hours affects employment in the ocean and fishery industries. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 201-205. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The Korean National Assembly passed amendments to the Labor Standard Act in February 2018. The amendments mainly pertain to reduction in legal working hours (from 68 to 52 hours), excluding some special cases of work hours and recess hours, thus extending mandatory rest time. The amendments will take effect gradually according to the size of enterprises from July 2018 to December 2022. Thus, this study examined the effects of reducing legal working hours on employment in the ocean and fishery industries based on the result of a survey of 1,155 enterprises in this industry. The survey consisted of three parts, the current state of working hours, the impact of reducing working hours on business operations, and the preferred supporting measures from the government. According to the survey results, the average weekly working time is 42.8 hours, and 8.5% of the respondents are expected to be affected by the reduction in working hours. However, only a few companies have developed countermeasures against it. And the smaller the size of a company, the more difficult to come up with countermeasures. In order to establish stable working time reduction, it is essential to improve labor productivity and establish various government support policies.

Lee, W.D.; Lee, J., and Lee, J.H., 2019. Applicability of nitrox diving for improved safety and efficiency of underwater operations. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 206-210. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Most underwater divers, including recreational participants, use compressed air with a composition of 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen for breathing while submerged. Deep underwater diving often requires a lengthy decompression time shortly after surfacing, especially if the operator was submerged for an extended period, or descended to a considerable depth. This process is required to remove nitrogen which dissolves into the body with the increase in pressure with depth. If this intervention is not taken, the diver's safety cannot be ensured, and the likelihood of ensuing decompression sickness increases. This means that in the case of air diving, there is significant risk associated with working in deep sea conditions or remaining submerged for a prolonged period of time. To address this issue, a new type of breathing gas with a higher oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio called nitrox has been formulated, which has resulted in an increased use by the recreational diving community. In addition, the use of nitrox in the case of commercial diving has also recently increased. Nitrox diving results in a significantly reduced decompression time since the amount of nitrogen dissolved in the body is drastically reduced due to the high oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio in nitrox. Correspondingly, the risk of suffering from decompression sickness is reduced. In this report, the applicability of nitrox diving using the Varying Permeability Model (VPM) to improve diver safety and work efficiency is discussed. The study results indicate that the beneficial effects of nitrox are nonexistent for shallow diving operations, regardless of the breathing gas used. This is because the no-interval-decompression limit is too long. However, using a 36%-oxygen nitrox in deep diving scenarios can decrease the total work time by 33% and the decompression time by up to 73% compared to air. Therefore, for scenarios in which the depth does not exceed the maximum operating depth, nitrox is both safer and more efficient than diving with air.

Lee, M. S.; Lee, J. Y.; Han, U. L.; Park, J. H., and Lee, C. W., 2019. A study on the Influence of safety perception on the visit intention of Haeundae beach tourists: Focused on the extended goal-directed behavioral model. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 211-215. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of safety perception on visit intention of Haeundae Beach visitors by applying extended goal-directed behavioral model. To achieve the goal of this study, a total of 243 surveys were collected from beach visitors who have visited Haeundae in recent 3 years. The collected data were analyzed and interpreted by SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 20.0. For the analysis, frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, validity test, correlation analysis and structural equation model analysis were performed. All tests were performed using a .05 significance level. The results of this study were as follows. First, attitude, subjective norm and positive anticipatory emotion had a significant relationship with desire. Second, negative anticipatory emotion and perceived behavioral control had not significant effect on desire. Third, safety perception had a significant effect on desire and visit intention. Fourth, desire and visit intention were significantly related. In conclusion, it is important to increase the level of safety perception in order to expand the number of visitors in Haeundae Beach.

Lee, J.; Park, J.; Kim, I., and Kang, D.Y., 2019. Application of vision-based safety warning system to Haeundae Beach, Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 216-220. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Between 2012 and 2017, the number of drowning incidents in South Korean beaches has been on the rise. To prevent drowning accidents, huge number of lifeguards are hired to operate lifesaving activities. This burdens municipal governments in the budget. Nevertheless, because of the limitation in these resources as well as equipment, it is difficult to maintain the effective safety management. Nighttime incidents caused by entering into the water in the absence of lifeguard makes safety management become more critical. In order to resolve the issue of limited numbers of lifeguards and equipment in the aquatic facilities including beaches, it is necessary to develop automated detecting of high profile of drowning and warning systems that support lifeguarding and safety management. Moreover, to provide and maintain safe beach environment in accordance with international standards and prevent injuries and life-threatening incidents, it is essential to develop relevant reliable systems. Among these systems is the application of an intelligent video surveillance technology, the CCTV, for establishing a safe beach environment. The CCTV technology can help in developing a system that detects swimmers and beachgoers approaching dangerous zones and takes proper action. By integrating life-saving technologies that can be applied during both daytime and nighttime, which issue warnings and generate responses when swimmers enter the water at night, it enables to overcome vulnerabilities of other disaster control systems and ensure efficient safety monitoring round the clock.

AELIS (Aquatic Environment Life-saving Integrated System) is designed to monitor the high profiles of drowning and the swimmers approaching the swimming boundary lines in real time in order to prevent accidents in the water environment and maintain high standard of the safety. It also detects the swimmers who attempt to get in the water without lifeguards at night, which has high possibility of drowning.

Agwanda, P.O. and Iqbal, M.M., 2019. Engineering control of eutrophication: Potential impact assessment of wastewater treatment plants around Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria in Kenya. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 221-225. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Municipal wastewater treatment is one of the engineering solutions to the reduction of nutrients deposit into the lakes without an appreciation of the ultimate catchment-wide impact of engineering solutions in reducing nutrient loads input to the Gulf. Applying LOADEST and LAKE2K to evaluate the potential impact of municipal wastewater treatment measures adopted for the reduction of nutrient into the Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya. About 10% to 31% of Total Phosphorus removal was achieved while Total Nitrogen increased in the wastewater treatment process. The combined potential impacts of the existing three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were less than about 2%. Rigorous analysis of the scale and dynamic of catchment nutrient budget is essential to the design of engineering solutions for effective eutrophication control.

Shoaib, M.; Iqbal, M.M.; Khan, R., and Lee, J.L., 2019. An analytical study for eutrophication management of arawaterway, Korea, by developing a flow model. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 226-230. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The first inland artificial flow canal, Arawaterway, located at the lower part of the Han River, Korea, has been experiencing an excessive concentration of chlorophyll-a, lately. This study aims to develop an efficient plan to reduce the concentration of chlorophyll-a in the waterway. An analytical model was applied and calibrated with the data of the year 2016 to find the influence of the detention time on the chlorophyll-a concentration. Statistical analysis was applied to verify the results of the analytical model. A numerical method, Runge-Kutta was applied to compare the results of the analytical solution. A flow model was developed to find the optimum flow rate from the Han river to the Arawaterway. Based on the elevation of West Sea and the Han River the elevation of Arawaterway was calculated. The results revealed that under the optimum flow conditions, the detention time could be decreased by 61%. The result produced by the flow model was applied on the analytical model and it was revealed that the mean monthly concentration of chlorophyll-a could be decreased by 28%.

Iqbal, M.M.; Shoaib, M. and Agwanda, P., 2019. The response of pollution loadings of the coastal river waterfront on red tides in South Sea. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 231-235. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The red tide is an abnormal water environment phenomenon, which harshly effects economic growth, aquatic life, and human health. It characterizes a major ecological problem in the marine ecosystem universally. The process of red tide prevalence has been investigated for several years, and a lot of systems and approaches have been established. Though previous researches have efficiently explored the knowledge of the process involved in red tide development, the combined effect of the coastal riverfront water quality of different coastal areas on red tide development has not attained sufficient consideration. The study has examined the connection between red tides and pollution load from the coastal waterfront. The research assesses the water quality of the coastal river waterfront (Tamjin River) using Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP 8.1) and nutrient load discharged into the West Sea using LOADEST. Through long-term investigation of the study region, it was found that red tides only occur in the late summer season. By investigating all the nutrient's load, TN (Total Nitrogen) and Chl-a (Chlorophyll-a) shows significant impact on red tides to some extent. The result of this study reveals that the pollution load from the coastal waterfront is also one of the possible factors of red tide occurrence in coastal region of the South Sea near the Tamjin River delta.

Kim, J.Y.; Choi, Y.S.; Kim, T.Y.; Lee, S.H., and Kwon, S., 2019. Study on the permeability and TSS removal efficiency of permeable pavement using constant head particle loading test. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 236-240. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Climate changes cause extreme disasters frequently such as storms, floods and tsunmai in lowlands and coastal areas. A new paradigm for the prevention of disaster damages has been required. To date, LID technologies using porous materials has been paid attention to control direct runoff, floods and NPSs. Permeable pavement among LID technologies which prevent floods and reduce NPSs can be actively applied to sidewalks, parking lots and driveways in lowlands and coastal areas. However, the loss of permeability in the material matrix has been considered as a critical issue when pore is clogged by particles for maintaining the constructed facility in the field. Herein, we conducted particle loading test at constant head to obtain the permeability coefficient and TSS removal efficiency to evaluate the cyclic performance of the permeable pavement system, and further determine their correlation. We found that the change of permeability coefficient was 273 ∼ 72 mm/s when the ∼ 4.2 kg/m² particles were loaded for 60 minutes. Trend of permeability coefficient depends on amount of particle per time. This means that loading particles in a short time make more clogging than a long time. The TSS removal efficiency was >80% at different hydraulic gradient and inflow concentration. Trend of TSS removal efficiency increased as particles were loaded. The correlation between the permeability coefficient and TSS removal efficiency is inversely proportional. Although the results will vary depending on the specification of the pavement system, this method can be used to estimate the effective replacement period with further researches.

Suh, K-S.; Min, B.-I.; Yang, B.-M.; Kim, J.; Kim, S., and Park, K., 2019. Analysis for the soil erosion rates of radionuclide flowed in river and estuary. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 241-245. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

A large amount of radioactive material was deposited in surface soil near the nuclear power plant after the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011. Cesium radioisotope deposited on the land was adsorbed strongly in soil and it moved together in sorptive form with soil. Radioisotopes adsorbed in soil may transport by wind, rain, and other external forces and they reach rivers, lakes and estuaries near the contaminated area. In this study, the effects of soil erosion by precipitation are evaluated to analyze the long-term behavior of radionculides adsorbed in soil, and a numerical model was also established. A field experiment was carried out to measure the soil erosion rates by rainfall and the data observed from the experiment were used as input parameters in the numerical model. The numerical simulations have been improved by considering the initial moisture function in the model. Also, the accuracy of the numerical solution was increased by analyzing the correlation between rain intensity and soil erosion, and by application of the multi-layered scheme according to the depth in soil.

Kim, D.H.; Ryu, H.R.; Lim, H.S., and Hwnag, K.-N, 2019. Estimation of loss ratio of fine sediments for dredging and land reclamation. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 246-250. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Dredged sediments from the sea bottom are being used as filling material in the Saemangeum reclamation area located on the west coast of Korea. The dredged sediments of Saemangeum contain sediments such as silt or mud from which the coarse sediments can be immediately deposited, whereas the fine sediments can remain in suspension in the spillway. Consequently, when the fine-sediment content in the dredged sediments is extremely high, the resulting loss ratio of sediments may become significantly larger than expected, thereby resulting in increased construction costs. In addition, the suspended sediments released through the outflow can increase the turbidity of seawater, which can form one of the major causes of seawater pollution. Therefore, for economical dredging and reclamation in the case of high content of fine sediments, estimation of the loss ratio of sediments is essential. In this study, we develop a novel approach based on the theory of cohesive fine-sediment transport to measure the loss ratio of sediments at the Saemangeum reclamation site. We perform a series of deposition experiments with an annular flume to determine the equilibrium suspended-sediment concentration for a given flow velocity or shear stress, which is used to estimate the loss ratio of sediments. In addition, we perform settling experiments for the purpose of reducing the loss ratio near the spillway. Unlike previous methods of assessing the loss ratio, our method has the great advantage of providing detailed information that can be used to reduce the loss ratio. Deposition experiments show that the loss ratio for dredged sediment is ∼14.9–20.5%, which is very reasonable when compared with field data value of 15.3%. Further, the loss ratio can be greatly reduced if the travel time (at least 6 h) of the dredged sediment is increased to reach the equilibrium concentration and sufficient settling time (at least 1.4 h) is provided through the construction of a sediment basin near the outflow.

Choi, J.W.; Song, K.M., and Choi, J.Y., 2019. Accuracy improvement of particle tracking model using 2-D current measurement (HF-Radar) data. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 251-255. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The accuracy of the particle tracking model (PTM), which is widely used for predicting spilled oil diffusion and supporting search and rescue in the ocean, is significantly affected by current and wind, which necessitates the development of suitable accuracy improvement techniques to increase human safety and preserve the environment. To address this issue, we herein established a method of improving PTM accuracy by comparing high-frequency radar (HFR) current data with those of the coastal model. Particle tracking was simulated using a ∼300-m-resolution current field of the Korea Operational Oceanographic System (KOOS) coastal circulation forecasting system, a ∼3-km-resolution current field of the HFR system installed on Jeju Island, and a 4-km-resolution KOOS weather forecasting system (wind data). To compare the effects of two currents on PTM accuracy, drifters were dropped from the center of the HFR-system grid, and performance was evaluated by comparing the actual drifter moving path with that predicted by PTM. PTM accuracy was calculated by comparing the acceptable duration and accuracy (drifting object located within 1 km) with 10-day moving path data, and the application of two-dimensional current measurement data and wind data was shown to significantly increase prediction accuracy.

Kim, J.M.; Lee, S.Y.; Baek, J.S.; Shin, H.S., and Kwon, S.C. 2019. Reasonable selection of riparian buffer zone for the reduction of non-point sources pollution in coastal area. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 256-260. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Studies are underway to improve the water qualities by introducing riparian buffers to existing rivers to manage nonpoint sources (NPSs) pollution, but they were not applied to prevent the inflow of land-based NPSs to coastal regions. Herein, we introduced methodological approach to the application of riparian buffer zones for mitigating NPSs at coastal regions, reflected by river-based simulation. We used hydrological simulation program–FORTRAN (HSPF) for the watershed of Unmun Dam, Korea, which can simulate the watershed hydrology with water quality for NPSs contaminated runoff including the fate and transport of pollutants in stream channels. We applied a riparian buffer to the prepared watershed, which is one of the best management practices, to estimate the reduction efficiency of NPSs according to the size of buffer zone. The model was calibrated and validated using four year records (2012-2015) in various scenario series. We obtained that decision coefficients (R²) were very good level for the flow rate and water quality, but biological oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphate (TP) were generally not good. Instead, %difference was evaluated as very good level. Five scenarios (five different zone size of riparian buffer zone: 0.1 ha, 0.2 ha, 0.4 ha, 0.8ha, 1.6 ha) were investigated to determine its optimized zone size at the one site in the Unmun Dam Watershed. In Scenario 5 (1.6 ha), the efficiency reduction of TP was 82.329% when there was more than 30 mm of rainfall. However, simulation results showed lower efficiency of TN than expected, which illustrates that this result does not reflect the watershed's characteristics well. The efficiency of the reduction of NPSs pollution was greatly increased in Scenario 4 (0.8 ha). It is considered that the construction of more than 0.8 ha of riparian buffer in the watershed of Unmun Dam would be effective in reducing the NPSs pollution (BOD: >32.52%, TN: >20.68%), TP: >61.34%).

Lee, H.-J.; Huh, S.-Y.; and Yoo, S.-H., 2019. Valuing the attributes of remediation of maritime oil spills: An empirical case study in South Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 261-265. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

In the event of a large-scale oil accident, the marine ecosystem takes a long time to recover, and the remediation of contaminated sea takes a great amount of time and money. In order for efficient use of resources in the remediation process amid fewer social controversies, it is necessary to assess the monetary value which people assign to an oil spill remediation. This article applies a choice experiment to quantitatively evaluate the value given by people on the attributes of the oil spill remediation. In order to reflect the preference heterogeneity of South Korean people, a Bayesian estimation of a mixed logit model is successfully applied. According to the results, South Korean people are willing to pay additional annual income tax in the amount of KRW 174.61 for 1% recovery of contaminated sea areas, KRW 193.73 for 1% recovery of contaminated coast distance, KRW 95.04 for 1% reduction of resident health risk, and KRW 22.74 for 1% recovery of marine ecosystem. The results provide meaningful implications for the maritime oil spill prevention measures and for what aspects of the post-accident remediation should focus on.

Yoon, J.-S.; Park, J-H.; Cho, Y.K.; Ha, T., and Lee, J.H., 2019. Experiments on efficiency review of new-type screens for waste treatment in the drainage canal. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 266-270. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Drainage canals installed for irrigation in farms are helplessly exposed to reckless garbages and municipal wastes. In addition, according to “Design Standards for Agricultural Drainage (2012)” of the Korean Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, drainage canals with inlet flow below 5 m³/sec cannot use dust collectors, causing issues related to treatment of municipal wastes that accumulate in drainages. This study proposed a method of collecting municipal wastes by installing a separate dust collecting canal and screen in drainage canals as an alternative solution to these issues, and their efficiency was analyzed by a hydraulic model test. The hydraulic model test analyzed hydraulic characteristics according to different shapes (screen installation angle, screen blade angle) of screen I in the main drainage canal and the clogging of screen II in the dust collecting canal. The effect of collecting municipal wastes entering into the dust collecting canal was reviewed by applying the LS-PIV (Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry) technique. Result of the hydraulic model test, highest efficiency was shown when length of screen I became longest with installation angle of 15° and blade angle of 30°. The concerned back-water phenomenon did not occur.

Qu, L.; Huang, H.; Du, M., and Acharya, T.D., 2019. Performance assessment for combined GPS and BDS real-time precise point positioning in the coastal region of Bohai Gulf, China. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 271-275. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

In this study, we focus on the performance assessment of combined Global Positioning System (GPS) and BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) real-time Precise Point Positioning (PPP) in the coastal region of Bohai Gulf, China. Firstly, 120 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations from Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) network of the International GNSS Service (IGS) were processed to generate ultra-rapid precise orbit of both GPS and BDS satellites, updated with the interval of three hours. Secondly, real-time precise satellite clock errors were estimated to compensate the orbit error with 24 regional stations from Crustal Monitor of Network of China (CMONOC) and MGEX networks. Finally, with those products, the performances of GPS-only, BDS-only and combined GPS and BDS real-time PPP were compared and evaluated. The experimental result illustrated that the ultra-rapid orbit accuracy of BDS-2 satellites was still worse than that of GPS satellites which was sub-decimeter level. Among three types of orbital satellites of BDS-2, the orbital accuracy of medium Earth orbit (MEO) and inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) satellites were at decimeter level while for geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellites was at meter-level. The MEO satellites had the best accuracy while the GEO satellites performed the worst. In addition, the 3D accuracy of BDS-only real-time PPP was 10 cm better. Although the accuracy of BDS-2 real-time PPP was still worse than that of GPS and more time was taken for convergence. By adding BDS on top of GPS, the accuracy in the east, north and up components improved 40.0%, 33.3% and 18.5%, respectively, and the convergence time reduced 36.3%, 15.4% and 58.3%, respectively compared to the GPS only.

Zhang, Z.; Liu, R.; Wang G.; Jia, Z.; Zhou, Y.; Cao, L., and Zhou, S., 2019. The construction of ecological network under the stress of road landscape in Dafeng, A coastal county in China. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 276-280. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

In the process of rapid urbanization in coastal cities, the issue of landscape fragmentation, resulting from continuous expansion of artificial landscapes, has become increasingly prominent. Therefore, it is of great significance to build up ecological networks to connect fragmented habitats and protect biodiversity. From the perspective of impacts on natural landscapes of road system, the paper takes Dafeng, a coastal county in China, as a case study area, processes the selection of ecological sources, assignment and correction of resistance surface, and finally accomplishes the construction of ecological network, supported by techniques including GIS, Conefor Sensinode and so forth. The results demonstrates that the road network hinders the biological circulation between coastal wetland and interior landscape, resulting in the destruction of natural landscape integrity; with the modification of resistance surface based on the construction of road buffer, it can be observed that regional ecological resistance level increases significantly and the original long linear ecological corridors tend to be short with twists and turns; the wetland patches and corridor connecting them rank first in terms of the importance of landscape connectivity, which indicates that coastal management should be strengthened in avoidance of the aggravation of the landscape fragmentation under the stress of road landscape.

Wang, J.; Lu, C.; Tang, J.; Ge, L.; Huang, Z., and Zhou, S., 2019. Time series and spatial characteristics of public attention towards Huangyan Island based on Baidu index. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 281-285. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Huangyan Island is the only exposed reef in central region of the South China Sea. It is of great strategic status in national economic development as well as homeland security. Based on Baidu's index data along with spatial autocorrelation analyse, this paper explores the spatial and temporal characteristics of public attention towards Huangyan Island. Deconstructing the changing process and spatial distribution of public sentiments towards Huangyan Island is conducive to government decision-making together with resolving disputes about the South China Sea. The results show that: (1) the search index is basically accord with the development trend of public attention. In line with the process of public opinion development, public sentiments towards Huangyan Island can be divided into three stages: stable stage, small conflict stage and outbreak stage. Overall, most of the time public sentiments are in moderate and stable stage. Occasionally some conflict will cause public attention fluctuate within a short time. If there is a larger conflict, it will lead to wide outbreak of public sentiments. (2) Most of Chinese people have awareness of Huangyan Island yet their degree of concern is distinct. Generally speaking, the spatial distribution of search index is higher in eastern coastal areas and lower in western inland areas. Nevertheless, in some western cities, the search index is also high. (3) The spatial autocorrelation results shows that the eastern coastal areas and Beijing area have the “high - high” correlation, and there is a “high - low” correlation in the provincial or key cities in central provinces.

Park, M.-C. and Ha, O.-K., 2019. Design of an integrated platform for monitoring coastal safety based on Cyber Physical System. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 286-290. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study proposes a common module that can integrate multiple sources of situational information for coastal safety monitoring based on a cyber physical system (CPS). Existing situational measurement devices transmit information using different methods, which leads to considerably difficulty in system operations. This study proposes a system that can monitor coastal safety using a common module that integrates signals transmitted from multiple measurement devices. A protocol for sending and receiving packets between the measurement devices and the module is designed. The packets transmitted by the network are saved and managed through an integrated monitoring system, and information is provided to various users, such as safety personnel. The results of this study can be utilized in application programs for beach monitoring, risk warnings, risk prediction, among others.

Youm, M.; Tasliman, M. T.; Lee, S., and Kim, H., 2019. Displacement measuring of coastal area using PS-InSAR. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 291-295. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208

Natural disasters not only cause harm to humans, but also cause changes in the shape of the earth surface. A sudden earthquake occurred in Pohang City with a moment magnitude of 5.4 and caused a serious aftermath to human and property and, furthermore, the geological characteristics of Pohang City worsen the damage from earthquake itself. The present study makes an attempt to analyze the ground displacement as the effects of the earthquake by applying PS-InSAR technique in Sentinel-1A images. The advantage of PS-InSAR in terms of time-series analysis makes it easy to generate the trend of land displacement from the Pohang City. The result in this study indicates that the earthquake has caused the displacement in coastal area of Pohang City.

Kim, J.Y.; Kim, J.-M.; Kim, K., and Choi, Y.S., 2019. Study on ocean intelligence service security utilizing blockchain technology. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 296-300. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The environment of ocean having special conditions is at risk of frequent accidents. For safer use of ocean environment, the whole world is attempting to graft the state-of-the-art technology with the introduction of lots of institutions such as international treaties. In the meantime, with the development of the state-of-the-art IT technology and increase in superhigh speed network establishment, the era of the Internet of Things is opening, and there are increasing cases of fusion with IT in the ocean area. Accordingly, at a time when security for data is especially required, blockchain technology is one of the major alternatives. This study examined application possibility and limits of blockchain technology through ocean space information's security treatment experiment utilizing blockchain technology. For the experiment, GML data which has S-10X electric navigation chart standard structure was used. The experiment results suggested that descrambling of ocean space information utilizing blockchain technology was successfully conducted for safe protection, and it is expected that it would be utilized for ocean space information of other types.

Bhang, K.J.; Schwartz F.W.; Lee, H.W., and Park, S.S., 2019. Scaling effect of lake distribution on power law by coastal area simulation. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 301-305. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Studies of the size and frequency distribution of lakes have shown an interesting trend following the power law. Most of these studies have been done to explain the importance of small lakes using remote sensing images. However, it has not been possible to confirm whether power law is established for small sizes of lakes due to spatial resolutions of satellite images. This issue was evaluated using fractal-based coastal area simulation. The process of forming the lake through the events of rainfall and evaporation was applied and the relationship between the size and frequency distribution of the lake was verified by computer simulation to examine if it could be applied to smaller lakes. As a result, computer simulations showed that the distribution of lake size vs cumulative frequency follows the power law regardless of lake size in other studies.

Jeong, M.-H.; Lee, D.H.; Lee, T.Y., and Lee, J.H., 2019. Robust local spatial autocorrelation analysis of massive vessel movements. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 306-310. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Automatic identification system (AIS) data provide rich information on maritime spatial planning and monitoring. This study investigates the local spatial clusters of vessel movements based on AIS data. However, the traditional local spatial autocorrelation method, such as the Getis-Ord () statistic, is based on the assumptions that the underlying data are randomly sampled from a normal distribution. Unfortunately, empirical datasets, such as AIS data, frequently violate the normal distribution assumption. This study, therefore, uses robust statistic methods, which are insensitive to skewness and heavy-tailed distribution, to enhance the traditional local statistic. The results demonstrated that the robust local statistic provides a true reflection of AIS data, compared with the traditional methods under non-normality. The proposed method can be applied to a broad range of maritime monitoring and security, which results in getting a better insight into maritime data.

Kim, K.M., Suh, Y.C., Lee, I.C., Choi, C.G. and Kim, K.H., 2019. Changes in permeability and benthic environment of coastal sediment based on calcium salt supplier. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 311-315. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study aims at the remediation of anaerobic coastal sediment using a calcium supplying material. For the calcium supplying material, granulated coal ash (GCA) was developed using coal fly ash. We hypothesized that calcium ions supplied from GCA can improve the water flow conditions such as the shear frictional force or pore plugging. A change in turbidity of the clay suspension in varying ionic solutions confirmed that sodium ions from coastal sediment disperse the clay particles, whereas calcium ions released from GCA aggregate the clay particles following the electrical double layer theory. These electrical phenomena affect the change in permeability of a cohesive sediment, and GCA increases the permeability coefficient of the cohesive sediment by 3.5 times compared to the control case. According to the results of the sediment incubation experiment, the calcium concentration in the pore water statistically increased (p<0.05), whereas the sodium concentration statistically decreased (p<0.05), resulting in favorable conditions for pore water flows. The ORP increased from -25.9 to 46.9 mV by the activated pore water flows, resulting in aerobic conditions. From these results, we concluded that GCA, a calcium supplier, generates pore water flows, remediating anaerobic cohesive sediment.

Kim, C.W.; Shim, W.J., and Yim, J., 2019. Multi-decadal shoreline change interpreted from aerial photographs in Ilgwang Beach, South Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 316-320. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The aim of this study is to use multi-temporal aerial photographs spanning a period of 70 years from 1948 to observe shoreline changes at Ilgwang beach in the northeastern part of Busan, which is an area that has excellent economic, social, and natural attributes. Photographs were enhanced using geometric correction, and the shoreline and beach width were extracted using a wet/dry line. Decadal changes were statistically analyzed using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System, 4.3 (DSAS). The sediment budget of the watershed was calculated using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and a correlation analysis was then conducted against beach width. The impact of typhoon Thelma which occurred in 1987 was strongly observed, and its occurrence prevented any clear trends in shoreline changes from being observed between 1948 and 2017, although a dike constructed on northern part of the beach caused strong deposition in transect 1 from 2009. In addition, the beach width was found to be relatively narrow at the both end of the beach and in the center where a small stream flows. The annual rate of change in beach width was 0.31 m in the northern part, 0.23 m in the central part, and 0.25 m in the southern part meaning sedimentation. The sediment budget of the watershed was positively correlated with beach width; and this result highlights the importance of proficient watershed management with respect to beach management. It was evident that the artificial structure constructed in the middle part of the beach had an influence on sediment transport, and changes related to the typhoon were evident; these results indicate that shoreline changes are affected by various factors, including the human impact on the watershed and natural conditions, and it is thus necessary to use a spatially integrated management approach that involves all these factors.

Kim, S.-M. and Choi, Y., 2019. Assessment of Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) contamination in beach sands by hot spot analysis. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 321-325. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

It is necessary to investigate contamination in beach sands for water safety because replenishing sand on eroding beaches may contain potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs). In order to understand the spatial variation and risk of PTEs in beach sands, this study uses hot spot analysis, which calculates a z-score based on the Getis–Ord Gi* statistic to identify a statistically significant hot spot sample. A high-value data sample surrounded by other high-value samples indicates a statistically significant hot spot. Using relatively cost- and time-effective portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) analysis, sand data are acquired from the OO beach on the eastern coast of Korea and used for hot spot analysis. The sand data of the OO beach are classified into four groups: high content with a high z-score (HH), high content with a low z-score (HL), low content with a high z-score (LH), and low content with a low z-score (LL). The HH case can be a critical hazard to human health, whereas the other cases may be insignificant. As a result, it was confirmed that Pb is mainly distributed in the northwestern and southeastern parts, and Zn is distributed in the southern part. However, all the PTE concentrations in the sample data do not exceed the soil contamination warning standards. Although Pb and Zn was detected from some samples, it was not critical from the PXRF and hot spot analysis results. The method implemented in this study may be utilized for the assessment of statistically significant contamination in beach sands.

Kim, C. and Bae, S., 2019. Spatial-temporal distribution of coastal drowning and geographical characteristics of accident spots, on the east coast of Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 326-330. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

This article aims to determine the temporal and spatial features of accidental drowning spots on the east coast of Gangwon-do, which is famous for tourism in Korea, and to consider the geographical features of areas where drowning accidents frequently occur. For this research, the spots where the drowning accidents happen were listed based on 119 data points, the spatial database was set up, and a GIS-based spatial analysis was conducted. The first step was analyzing the temporal and spatial features of these drowning accidents in order to identify the characteristics of the spots where drowning accidents took place. The second step was figuring out the adjacency between the accident spots and 119 emergency facilities or hospitals. As a result, in terms of seasons, the highest drowning accident rate occurred in summer (June to August), accounting for 60% of all drowning accidents. Then, 12% of all drowning accidents occurred in winter (December to January) and another 12% in spring (March to May). Time wise, 60% of all drowning accidents occurred from 11am to 6pm. In terms of geographical characteristics, the highest drowning accident rate occurred on sandy shores, accounting for 36% of all drowning accidents, followed by shore facilities, such as ports and breakwater, with a 33% rate. The rate of drowning accidents on rocky coast was 14%, followed by estuary with 11%.

Jeong, H.Y., 2019. A study on changes in coastal erosion environment by time series coastal detection using GIS. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 331-335. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

This paper identifies major coastal erosion factors for Hupo beach of the east coast of Korea where coastal erosion is serious, and looks into how beach erosion environment has changed through time series analysis (1970 - 2015). Aerial photographs of the beach by each time period were used to calculate the area of the beach, and analysis of correlation with identified factors on top of trend analysis were done to find and analyze major factors that have an impact on long-term changes in the beach. This paper is expected to contribute to identification of future coastal erosion factors, building-up and application of database, and policy-making to respond to changes in coastal erosion environment.

Choung, Y.-J. and Kim, J.-M., 2019. Relationship between the in-situ-measured sea surface temperatures and the landsat-derived brightness temperatures: A case study in the West Coast of South Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 336-340. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Assessment of the relationship between the sea surface temperature (SST) and the brightness temperature (BT) is necessary for estimating the SST using the BT data derived from the earth observation satellite sensors. This research assessed the relationship between the in-situ-measured SST data and the BT data derived from the Landsat-8 thermal infrared sensors through the linear regression analysis. The statistical results derived from the developed regression model show the following: the SST and BT datasets have a strong and positive relationship, and the BT data is the significant parameter for measuring the SST. In the future research, the various regression models will be compared to select the most appropriate model for estimating the SST using the BT data.

Lee, J. and Kim, T., 2019. Comparison study of HY-2A, WindSat, ASCAT satellite wind data with in-situ measurement data. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 341-345. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

This paper compares HY-2A, WindSat, ASCAT satellite wind data collected over six years from 2012 to 2017 with observed wind data from Ieodo Ocean Research Station (IORS) and Buoy located in the south sea of Jeju Island(BSJI), and analyzes the accuracy and characteristics of satellite wind data. The three satellites can measure wind speed and direction by remotely sensing the ocean surface. Specially, HY-2A scatterometer data produced by Chinese satellite were recently open to research users. The error analysis shows that RMSE of the three satellites are between 1.3 and 2.2 m/s, and correlations are between 0.84 and 0.92, and accuracy is high in the order of ASCAT, WindSat and HY-2A. Accuracy analysis in different wind speed ranges is also performed to find the characteristics of each satellite wind data. The satellite wind data are to be used for verification and assimilation data for wind forecasting model which produces input data for wave prediction numerical model.

Ha, J.; Lee, J.K., and Park, S. J., 2019. Sea fog analysis using Jeju Island GNSS observables to prevent marine accidents. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 346-350. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Sea fog leads to poor visibility for ship navigation, and thus is a major cause of severe marine accidents such as groundings and collisions between ships and unmapped objects such as icebergs. In this study, a temporary GNSS observatory was installed at the Gosan weather station on Jeju Island, the largest island in South Korea and located along its busiest shipping lanes, to determine the feasibility of using GNSS measurements to observe fog. In Korea, the greatest amount of sea fog occurs between April and September. In the South Sea where Jeju Island is located, the heaviest fog occurs around July and August. Accordingly, from the 11th to the 14th of August 2009, the temporary GNSS observatory was used to collect data describing the perceptible water vapor and an automatic weather station was used to measure the mixing ratio in the area of Jeju Island. When analyzed and compared to radiosonde and other meteorological data, this data indicated that the GNSS-measured perceptible water tended to increase prior to the occurrence of precipitation and fog, while conversely the AWS-measured mixing ratio tended to decrease. When fog occurred prior to rain, the GNSS-measured perceptible water decreased, demonstrating that it reacts sensitively to the occurrence of fog. It was also found that the increasing trend of the AWS-measured mixing ratio was somewhat delayed prior to the occurrence fog, indicating a close relationship between the two.

Hong, S.B.; Lee, W.; Lee, J., and Youm, M., 2019. Development of coastline observation technique using InSAR. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 351-355. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastlines are changing constantly due to natural forces or artificial activities. As the information on changing coastlines is critical for defining the land, acquisition and management of such information is important. To this end, this paper proposed a method of extracting the coastline information of area using satellite image acquired by InSAR satellite. NIR, satellite imaging technology for coastline extraction, has a disadvantage that it cannot penetrate obstacles present in the natural environment such as clouds floating on the earth surface. Since InSAR satellite uses micro waves to capture image, however, it is possible to acquire image through obstacles such as clouds. This paper is aimed at developing a technique to extract the coastline data via image processing, and algorithms such as Binarization, Noise (Salt&Pepper) Canceling, and Canny Edge Detection were used to this end. The algorithm developed was applied to the coast of Pohang and the extracted coastline was confirmed.

Noh, K.S.; Shin, D.B., and Ahn, J.W., 2019. A study on the utilization of 3D spatial-grid for coastal area management. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 356-360. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Coastal areas adjacent to the sea are vulnerable to disasters every year due to repeated damage caused by typhoon-induced tsunamis, seawater flooding, and erosion. As such, a method for comprehensively managing coastal facilities and areas vulnerable to danger, based on underwater, aerial, and underground information included in the three-dimensional (3D) grid system was prepared, which can serve as an objective and scientific data source for the decision-making involved in effective coastal management. To this end, the concept and roles of the 3D spatial grid system are introduced in this study. In addition, through 3D data production and visualization utilizing this method and considering the characteristics of coastal areas, a method for comprehensive management of coastal areas through the 3D spatial grid system is proposed.

Lee, J.; Lee, W.; Lee, H., and Yoon, H., 2019. The settlement analysis of the saemangeum coastal area by the tide using D-InSAR. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 361-365. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

In this paper, the ground settlement of the embankment located on the coast of Saemangeum is obtained using D-InSAR technique using SAR images. Sentinel-1B images with C-band were utilized and D-InSAR technique is performed using SNAP software. To derive the time series, six images are used from February 24, 2017 to March 21, 2018 to obtain ground settlement through D-InSAR technique. The accuracy of ground settlement is analyzed using GNSS constant monitoring station located in Saemangeum embankment. The RMSE value of the ground settlement obtained comparing the GNSS constant monitoring station data and D-InSAR techniques is accurate to 0.742mm. In addition, a relationship analysis of the ground settlement obtained usng D-InSAR techniques is conducted to analyze the change in the tide, one of the causes of the coastal ground settlement

Kim, I.H.; Kim, J.H.; Nam, J.M.; Lee, H.S., and Song, D.S., 2019. Monitoring of coastal geomorphological changes in Wolchun Beach after LNG base construction. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 366-370. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Constructions of industrial facilities nearby coastal region often break a natural equilibrium between sediment budget and littoral current condition. The Wolchun beach, which is facing East Sea of South Korea, had a longshore stretch of 1.9 km before the LNG storing base was constructed. In this study, we analyzed the change patterns of the Wolchun beach topography caused by the installation of artificial structures, as well as coastal geomorphological changes. The control points in the study area were divided into 8 sections, each spaced 50 m pitch apart, for the trend analysis of the beach profiles. Also, the sea zone with 1.35 km² area was divided into 6 sections with 300 m × 750 m per section, for the monitoring of water depth variation. The surveying results show that the area of the northern side of the Wolchun beach near the LNG storage base was continuously increased due to the accumulation of sediment after the construction of LNG base. On the contrary, the continuous erosion occurred on the south side of Wolchun beach, and it was observed that the water depth near the surf zone is deepened. Also, the bathymetric change of the test area was occurred actively, and the significantly unstable change of water depth in the region of about -10 m ∼ -15 m was confirmed to be generated by the breakwater with the disrupting of operable wave condition. It is found that the natural equilibrium has been collapsed along the unexpectedly formed shielding zone after the construction of the LNG base and the breakwater on the outside of the base.

Oh, J.H.; Kim, D.-J., and Lee, H.S., 2019. Topographic information extraction of tidal flats using remote multi-sensory data. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 91, pp. 371-375. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Sediment from rivers has created a vast tidal flat over the west coast of Korea. The topography of the area is critical to the fishing industry and pollution purification, and it is a dangerous area causing fatal accidents due to the depth and steep slope with the tidal flow. Topographic information of the area needs to be obtained and monitored periodically for rapid changes due to periodic tides; however terrestrial surveying of the area is limited by poor accessibility. For this reason, it would be better to use remote sensors, such as satellite or aerial sensors, which differ in terms of spectral bands, spatial resolution, and coverage. This study integrated data from the three platforms, processed the data through synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry and stereo aerial photogrammetry to generate separate Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), and then fused these into a final product using three-dimensional (3D) point cloud matching. The product was used for automatic extraction of tidal flat channel information by analyzing tidal flat topography and deriving channel depth and width.

Kim, H.; Tuell, G.; Park, J.Y.; Brown, E., and We, G., 2019. Overview of SEAHAWK: A bathymetric LiDAR airborne mapping system for localization in Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 376-380. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

This paper described the system test including from ground test to the first flight of Seahawk system in Korea. Seahawk system has been developed since 2014 at the first time in Korea by Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. Seahawk has been recently integrated and system shakedown testing (on the ground). Airborne engineering flight test was in the first of June and flight test in Korea was in first of July. Seahawk system features a light weight, compact opto-mechanical design and achieves co-registered green and IR laser beams using a novel HOE (Holographic Optical Element) circular scanner. The Real Time Computation Engine (RTCE) displays 3D point clouds on the monitor in real time during operation to check missing data. In this paper, we introduce Seahawk system and report on the progress of its development.

Choi, H.; Lee, H.J., and Kim, G., 2019. Damage analysis of typhoon surge flood in coastal urban areas using GIS and ADCIRC. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 381-385. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Typhoon Maemi, which landed in the coastal area of Masan City on September 12, 2003, was the largest coastal disaster in Korea. Typhoon surges can cause extreme flood damage when they overlap with high tides. In this study, the maximum flooding zone according to the highest tide was calculated and the accuracy of the flooding model was analyzed by comparing it with the actual flooding zone in the Masan Bay area. A GIS-based hydrologic model for flood forecasting can complement the disadvantages of complex multidimensional flood damage estimation in which data acquisition and processing are complicated. It is important to establish a method to minimize damage by developing a more accurate damage simulation model. It is necessary to utilize data such as high-resolution satellite images and LiDAR for accurate analysis data considering the topographical characteristics of typhoon surge flood areas in the future.

Lee, H. and Kim, C., 2019. Topographic change monitoring on tidal flat of Suncheon bay using multi-temporal aerial images. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 386-390. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Suncheon Bay in South Korea is one of the most ecological preserved areas in the world. Monitoring topographical changes of tidal flat and channel is, hence, significantly important in the coastal research community. The main goal of this research is quantitatively finding the volume and area changes in terms of sedimentation and erosion. The elevation changes of the tidal flat and channel are considered as well. Multi-temporal aerial images (years of 1989, 2010, and 2017) are utilized for this research. EOPs (Exterior Orientation Parameters) of the aerial images are first derived using the given IOPs (Interior Orientation Parameters), the measured GCPs (Ground Control Points), collinearity equations, and automated matching technologies. Afterwards, the three DEMs (Digital Elevation Models) for the relevant years are produced using commercial software (i.e., Photoscan). Then, topographic change detection over Suncheon Bay in the period between 1989 and 2017 are carried out. More specifically, LHD (Least squares Height Difference) approach is applied to find out topographic changes between two DEMs for the adjacent years. LHD is selected and adopted in this research because it is more robust than other approaches when large deviations exist between the DEMs. Finally, chronological analysis of the topographic changes over Suncheon Bay is carried out.

Kim, T.W.; Yun, H.S.; Kim, K.B., and Hong, S.B., 2019. Development of real-time HABs detection technique using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 391-395. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

If HABs flow into the seawater desalination plant by surprise, it can inflict some serious damages on the plant such as plant contamination. A monitoring system capable of detecting and tracking HABs based on UAV has been developed in order to solve this problem. The monitoring system is based on the HSV Color Detection Image Processing Algorithm, which demonstrates an excellent price/performance ratio for monitoring the HABs behavior, as well as excellent monitoring range and maneuverability. The HSV color detection algorithm, which has a superior detection range under sunlight, was able to continuously track the HABs, extracting the velocity and direction data. Finally, these results were compared with those obtained by conventional technologies to verify its effectiveness.

Kim, K.B.; Yun, H.S., and Kim, T. W., 2019. Height recomputation of the Korean vertical origin point using new mean sea level of Incheon Bay. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 396-400. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The mean sea level (MSL) of Incheon Bay using the long-term tidal observations more than 18.6 years (January 1, 1999 ∼ August 31, 2017) was determined by harmonic analysis. In comparison with the current MSL of Incheon Bay provided by Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency, the difference of the MSL is 0.035 m. The height of the current Korean vertical original point (KVOP) was reexamined by the newly computed MSL of Incheon Bay and height difference was computed between Tidal Gauge Bench Mark (TGBM) installed near Incheon Harbor and the KVOP. There is a difference of 2.27 cm in between the recalculated height and the current height of the KVOP. In order to check height error in the geodetic leveling network generated from single vertical origin point system based on the KVOP of Incheon, it would be necessary to consider the application of height deviation in multiple vertical origin point systems based on the local (Mokpo, Busan, and Mukho) MSLs.

Lee, D.H.; Acharya, T.D., and Jang, W.H., 2019. Comparative assessment of the recent global mean sea surface models using tidal bench mark observation data around Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp.401-405. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Mean Sea Surface (MSS) provides the basic information of mean height of the water level above a reference surface over a year. These are used to understand the characters of the undersea topography and are widely used in geodesy, geophysics, oceanography (operational oceanography, modeling, ocean variability studies). MSS can be obtained from range of techniques such as LiDAR, altimetry, etc. Depending upon the data source and processing method the quality is varied. In the past decade, significant advances in global MSS modelling have been made with the release of the altimetry satellites. These data cover most of the oceans and are freely available, which benefits areas with poor geospatial infrastructure or inaccessible areas. Since, their applications depend on the accuracy of global MSS, their evaluation should be done as preliminary step. MSS models for specific regions can be analyzed based on comparison with the coastal Tidal Bench Marks (TBMs) observations. This paper aims to assess the accuracy of the recent global MSS models in comparison with TBM observation data around Korea. First data were collected, and necessary statistics were calculated. As the characteristics of the sea around Korea are different, there different cases of East, West and South seas were also calculated along with profile plots. Result shows WHU13 shows less difference with TBM while CNESCLS15 and DTU13 are more correlated. In case of Korean sea, combined used of TBM near coast and WHU13 far in sea can be used.

Huang, H.; Qie, K.; Jeong, M.-H.; Jeon, S.B., and Lee, W.P., 2019. Detecting anaomalous vessel dynamics with functional data analysis. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 406-410. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Advances in location-acquisition technology open up new areas of applications in maritime monitoring and security. Automatic identification system (AIS) data provide dynamic information on vessel movements. This research proposes a new method for detecting anomalous vessel dynamics using functional data analysis. Empirical investigations of this approach demonstrate the effective detection of outlier flows in terms of ship traffic volume. However, alternative methods such as the 3-sigma rule and the MAD-Median rule fail to detect anomalous vessel traffic. This investigation suggests that the method proposed can improve the safety and operation of ship-to-shore vessel traffic management.

Park, J.K. and Lee, K.W., 2019. Availability of high-resolution unmanned aerial image for estimation of shorelines. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 411-415. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The shoreline is important as a baseline for national boundaries. Shoreline surveys are necessary to determine the length, area, and shape of a country and should be periodically investigated. Existing shoreline surveys were conducted based on surveying equipment such as the GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) and total stations and depth measurements. However, this method requires a lot of manpower and time. In this study, coastline survey was performed using high resolution image of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle). For the study, the west sea island was selected as the study area, and about 300 images were acquired and DSM (Digital Surface Model) and ortho image were obtained through data processing. The accuracy of the result was evaluated and the accuracy was confirmed to be less than 10 cm. In addition, DSM-based contour lines were created to provide basic data for determining shoreline. Shoreline surveying using UAV will greatly increase the efficiency of related work, and it will be possible to determine the shoreline by linking with tidal observations data.

Gu, B.-H.; Woo, S.-B., and Kim, S.I., 2019. Improved estuaries salinity stratification at Gyeonggi Bay using data assimilation with Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM). In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 416-420. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Assimilating salinity data into coastal models is very important and salinity vertical change is an important component to coastal forecasting. The goal of this study is to represent the salinity stratification at Gyeonggi Bay (GGB) in South Korea and to improve the accuracy of the prediction in hydrodynamics via data assimilation. The GGB area is located in the Yellow Sea between Korea and China and is a semi-closed estuary that has a tidal range above 7 m with a tidal flat where salt water and fresh water is mixed. Salinity stratification appears at Yeomha channel in GGB because it has characteristics of high tide and strong river flow. To represent the tidal flat and creek in the GGB in this study, the unstructured grid numerical model called Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) is employed. The performance of the model results is validated against the measured tide, current, and salinity at the Yeomha channel. In order to improve the numerical results, the salinity observations from the surface and bottom Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) data in the Yeomha channel are assimilated into the model only for the 4-day middle period out of total simulation days of 15. The direct comparison results show the clear effect of data assimilation for salinity stratification along vertical salinity, and the improvement of salinity profile lasts for 1 day after the end of data assimilation. The salinity stratification in the coastal are also improved as the number of observations and/or data assimilation periods is increased. These results are expected to improve the coastal forecasting system over the GGB area when applied the data assimilation scheme in to the forecasting system.

Kim, J.O. and Lee, J.K., 2019. A study on temporary shelter areas using pedestrian networks in coastal cities. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 421-425. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study aims to analyze service area of shelter in order to plan the evacuation route using a pedestrian-level network in coastal cities. We proposed the process of shelter service area demarcation, which is applied various scenarios for flood inundation risk map, considers the characteristics of refugees such as the general public and the elderly. To solve the problem, the coastal flood maps were constructed to take into account the rise in sea level due to climate change. By using the GIS(Geographic Information System), we calculated the slop of the road by adding elevation to the link of pedestrian-level network, applied differently the walking time according to the slope. A case study was conducted to demonstrate the application of the service area for flood emergency shelters of coastal cities in Republic of Korea. The service area of the study, which reflects the elevation, the condition of evacuees, the accessibility and the flood map, was able to arrive at the shelter in a short time avoiding the high risk of flooding.

Song, A.; Kim, Y., and Kim, Y., 2019. Change detection of surface water in remote sensing images based on fully convolutional network. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 426-430. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

This study presents a new approach based on fully convolutional networks (FCN) to detect changes in surface water. The proposed method can be divided into three steps: (1) training the FCN using color-infrared (CIR) images from the Coastwide Reference Monitoring System (CRMS) dataset with two classes, such as water and land; (2) passing the multitemporal images respectively through the pre-trained FCN and generating a difference image (DI) from score maps of the last prediction layers; and (3) determining optimal threshold values using fuzzy entropy and discriminating between changed and unchanged pixels in the DI. This method has the advantage of effectively learning the spatial and spectral characteristics of water bodies from large remote-sensing datasets, and it would be helpful to analyze and monitor changes in newly obtained images without ground truth. The experimental results obtained using the multitemporal CRMS data demonstrated the effectiveness of this deep-learning approach for detecting changes in remote-sensing images, as compared other traditional methods for change detection.

Choi, J.; Park, H.; Seo, D., and Han, Y., 2018. Performance analysis of pansharpening algorithms based on guided filtering applied to KOMPSAT-3/3A satellite imagery in coastal areas. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 431-435. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Image fusion algorithms, also known as pansharpening algorithms, can improve the spatial resolution of multispectral images using high-resolution original panchromatic images. Pansharpening algorithms are used in preprocessing steps for image classification, change detection, and image interpretation, and they have been used in various marine applications. In this study, we applied various guided filtering (GF)-based pansharpening techniques to multispectral images with high spatial resolutions in coastal areas and evaluated the quality of the resulting pansharpened images. Specifically, we analyzed the results of GF-based pansharpening techniques according to the characteristics of the guidance and filtering input images used in GF. The experimental results show that the spatial and spectral qualities of GF-based pansharpened images in the studied coastal areas are determined by the characteristics of the filtering input image. Additionally, the results of GF-based pansharpening display spectral distortion and spatial clarity characteristics similar to those of component substitution (CS) and multiresolution analysis (MRA)-based techniques. The obtained GF-based pansharpening results can be used in various coastal applications.

Jeong, S.-H.; Kwon, J.H., and Kim, J.H., 2019. A study on the applicability of unmanned aerial vehicle to the sounding survey of tidelands. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 91, pp. 436-440. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The southwestern coast of Korea is characterized as a complex ria coast with a wide tideland. In this area, information on the minimum low water level is important for ship safety. While using aerial photographs and satellite images to measure the water depth of a tideland is expensive for smaller areas, using echo sound does not guarantee a precise measurement because it is difficult for ships to reach such areas. This study aims to verify the applicability of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to the sounding survey of a tideland by comparing the results of a UAV survey with those of a single beam survey. The study was conducted in and around Seohong-ri, Haenam-gun, and Jeollanam-do by using an unmanned fixed-wing aerial vehicle with a 24.36-megapixel camera to take pictures at an overlap rate of 60 % ∼ 80 % from an altitude of 110 m ∼ 150 m. Ground control points (GCPs) were installed at intervals of 500 m with three checkpoints. The GCP locations were determined using Network-RTK. In the photographs, GCPs and checkpoints were matched to create DSM and orthophotos. The root mean square error in the GCP of an orthophoto was X = 0.0085 m, Y = 0.0091 m, and Z = 0.0027 m. On comparing the overlapped parts, the water depth error was found to be 0 m ∼ 0.1 m on a verage, satisfying the special grade criterion of tolerance by waterway survey depth and confirming the applicability of unmanned aerial vehicles to the sounding survey of tidelands. It was possible to draw the coastline by correcting the tide to the orthophoto and depth values. Using GSD 5 cm images obtained from the unmanned aerial vehicle, it was possible to precisely describe the coastline and confirm changes in the coastline.

Bae, T.-S. and Kim, M., 2019. High precision GNSS positioning for the coastal navigation safety of large vessels. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 441-445. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

Over several decades, the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been the most important navigation equipment for vessels. Although the C/A code based absolute positioning is sufficient for most cases, a precisely guided coastal navigation is necessary for the entry and the departure of large vessels at a port. More accurate positioning and navigation can be achieved by applying the real-time kinematic (RTK) technique, which uses the carrier phases of the GNSS signals. However, the error is generally proportional to the baseline lengths between the references and the rovers due to the decorrelation of the signals. In this study, the error behavior of a single-baseline RTK (SRTK) was analyzed based on a Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) network in Korea. In addition, the network-based RTK (NRTK) correction was used to better estimate the position of large vessels for coastal navigation. Finally, the UP component of the vessel was constrained to the geoid to characterize coastal navigation uniquely.

Han, D.; Huh, J.; Canh, B.D., and Jin, H.S., 2019. Impacts of sea level rise and storm surge in Yeosu, Korea. In: Lee, J.L.; Yoon, J.-S.; Cho, W.C.; Muin, M., and Lee, J. (eds.), The 3rd International Water Safety Symposium. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 91, pp. 446-450. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

The impacts of global warming and climate change are becoming increasingly severe worldwide and associated coastal flooding is damaging infrastructure and causing human casualties. In this study, we simulated the impacts of sea level rise and storm surge obtained from geographic and past typhoon data (obtained from the National Geographic Information Institute and the Meteorological Administration and National Oceanographic Research Institute) to predict flooding in Yeosu, Korea. Digital surface models were generated from airborne laser scanning to accurately simulate the effect of flooding, and we identified areas and infrastructure at high risk from future flood damage using the predicted significant wave height rise and a region-growing algorithm. Finally, the need to develop a regional disaster plan in response to climate change is proposed.