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16 January 2025 Ex situ spawning, larval development, and settlement in massive reef-building corals (Porites) in Palau
Matthew-James Bennett, Carsten G. B. Grupstra, Jeric Da-Anoy, Maikani Andres, Daniel Holstein, Ashley Rossin, Sarah W. Davies, Kirstin S. Meyer-Kaiser
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Abstract

Reproduction, embryological development, and settlement of corals are critical for survival of coral reefs through larval propagation. Yet, for many species of corals, a basic understanding of the early life-history stages is lacking. In this study, we report our observations for ex situ reproduction in the massive reef-building coral Porites cf. P. lobata across 2 years. Spawning occurred in April and May, on the first day after the full moon with at least 2 h of darkness between sunset and moonrise, on a rising tide. Only a small proportion of corals observed had mature gametes or spawned (14–35%). Eggs were 185–311 µm in diameter, spherical, homogenous, and provisioned with 95–155 algal cells (family Symbiodiniaceae). Males spawned before females, and ex situ fertilization rates were high for the first 2 h after egg release. Larvae were elliptical, ∼300 µm long, and symbiotic. Just 2 days after fertilization, many larvae swam near the bottom of culture dishes and were competent to settle. Settlers began calcification 2 days after metamorphosis, and tentacles were developed 10 days after attachment. Our observations contrast with previous studies by suggesting an abbreviated pelagic larval period in Porites cf. P. lobata, which could lead to the isolation of some populations. The high thermal tolerance and broad geographic range of Porites cf. P. lobata suggest that this species could locally adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions, especially if larvae are locally retained. The results of this study can inform future work on reproduction, larval biology, dispersal, and recruitment in Porites cf. P. lobata, which could have an ecological advantage over less resilient coral species under future climate change.

Matthew-James Bennett, Carsten G. B. Grupstra, Jeric Da-Anoy, Maikani Andres, Daniel Holstein, Ashley Rossin, Sarah W. Davies, and Kirstin S. Meyer-Kaiser "Ex situ spawning, larval development, and settlement in massive reef-building corals (Porites) in Palau," Invertebrate Biology 143(4), (16 January 2025). https://doi.org/10.1111/ivb.12447
Received: 5 December 2023; Accepted: 10 October 2024; Published: 16 January 2025
KEYWORDS
Pacific
pelagic larval duration
planula
reproduction
Stony coral
vertical transmission
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