Taxonomic revision of the liverwort genus Tylimanthus Mitt. (Acrobolbaceae) in tropical America, Africa, and Macaronesia leads to the recognition of one widespread and variable species, T. laxus (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Spruce. Tylimanthus approximatus (Lindenb.) Besch., T. azoricus Grolle & Perss., T. fendleri (Gottsche) Steph., T. herzogii Steph., T. madeirensis Grolle & Perss., T. ruwenzorensis S. W. Arnell, T. setaceo-ciliatus Steph., T. striolatus Steph., and T. subtilis Steph. are new synonyms of T. laxus, and T. bispinosus J. B. Jack & Steph. and T. cuneifolius Steph. are excluded from Tylimanthus. Lectotypes are proposed for T. approximatus, T. herzogii, and T. laxus.