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7 January 2016 The Pupa of Culicoides sonorensis Wirth and Jones (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)—First Detailed Description of This Stage of the Bluetongue Virus Vector
Phillip Shults, Art Borkent, Roger Gold
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Abstract

The pupa of Culicoides (Monoculicoides Khalaf) sonorensis Wirth and Jones is described for the first time in detail based on whole specimens and exuviae. A multitude of approaches were used in this description to offer one of the most in-depth comparative morphological studies of any ceratopogonid pupa. Illustrations were made using compound and dissecting light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The pupal description for C. sonorensis was based on morphological comparisons with species of Culicoides Latreille including other members of the subgenus C. (Monoculicoides). This study highlights possible synapomorphies for the subgenus as well as the need for future pupal research.

© The Authors 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com
Phillip Shults, Art Borkent, and Roger Gold "The Pupa of Culicoides sonorensis Wirth and Jones (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)—First Detailed Description of This Stage of the Bluetongue Virus Vector," Annals of the Entomological Society of America 109(2), 280-318, (7 January 2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/sav119
Received: 18 August 2015; Accepted: 6 November 2015; Published: 7 January 2016
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KEYWORDS
aquatic
biting midge
bluetongue
immature
SEM
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