Elina Oksanen,^* Sirkku Manninen,^** Elina Vapaavuori,^*** Toini Holopainen<sup>****


*</sup>Elina Oksanen is a professor of plant physiology and biotechnology at the University of Joensuu. She is a specialist in plant stress physiology and recently her main focus has been on ecophysiological research combined with molecular biology. She has been studying responses of deciduous forest trees to elevated ozone, carbon dioxide, drought, soil nitrogen, and several other climate change–related stress factors since the 1990s. Her address: University of Joensuu, Faculty of Biosciences, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland. Elina.Oksanen@joensuu.fi
^**Sirkku Manninen is a senior lecturer of environmental biology at the University of Helsinki. She holds a PhD in plant ecology from the University of Oulu. She has been working on the critical levels of air pollutants since the early 1990s and especially on the environmental effects of ozone. Recently, her research has focused on climate change and urban ecology issues with a special emphasis on the structure and function of natural ecosystems. Her address: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. sirkku.manninen@helsinki.fi
^***Toini Holopainen is a professor of ecology and environmental science at the University of Kuopio. She is a specialist in environmental ecophysiology, and her study interests from the late 1970s have ranged from bioindication to climate change effects on plants and ecosystems. Recently her research has focused on climate change effects on forest and peatland ecosystems with special emphasis on belowground responses and interactions between the plant and environment. Her address: Department of Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland. toini.holopainen@uku.fi
^****Elina Vapaavuori holds a PhD in plant physiology and works as a senior scientist and program leader at the Finnish Forest Research Institute. She is a specialist in ecophysiology and stress physiology of forest trees, with emphasis on the whole tree physiology. Since the early 1990s her research focus is in climate change effects on trees, studying effects of greenhouse gases, warming, and nitrogen availability on tree performance from the cellular to whole tree level. Her address: The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Suonenjoki Research Unit, Juntintie 154, FI-77600 Suonenjoki, Finland. Elina.Vapaavuori@metla.fi