Type species: Polymerichthys nagurai Uyeno, 1967; Middle Miocene, Tubozawa Formation, Horaiji, Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

Stratigraphic and geographic range.—Late Oligocene—Late Miocene, Northwestern Pacific.

Material.—ZIN 310p, partial skeleton in part and counterpart (neurocranium length ∼62.4 mm); ZIN 311p, partial skeleton in part and counterpart (neurocranium length 81.2 mm); both from Holmsk Formation, late Oligocene. ZIN 312p, partial skeleton (neurocranium length 93.8 mm); ZIN 313p, incomplete head (neurocranium length ∼80 mm); ZIN 314p, partial skeleton in part and counterpart (neurocranium length 71.5 mm); all from Kurasi Formation, Middle—Late Miocene.

Specimen ZIN 313p represents only the anterior part of the head, whereas the others are partial skeletons with the head almost complete, and the anterior part of the axial skeleton, including abdominal vertebrae, elements of the dorsal fin (ZIN 312p and ZIN 314p), and of the pectoral girdle (ZIN 310p and ZIN 314p) well preserved (Fig. 2).

Measurements.—Measurements of the studied specimens are shown in Table 1. The standard lengths of specimens from Sakhalin, estimated from the proportion of the tallest palatine tooth with that of the holotype of P. nagurai, is 312.0 mm for ZIN 310p; 257.6 mm for ZIN 311p; 244.9 mm for ZIN 312p; 198.4 mm for ZIN 313p; and 270.2 mm for ZIN 314p.

Description.—The body is greatly elongated, slender, and eel-like (Figs. 2–4). The head is large narrowed anteriorly, wedge-shaped, and, probably, laterally compressed. The greatest height of the head is at the mandibular joint. The snout is long, thin and pointed. The snout length is approximately 75% of the neurocranium length. The eyes are lateral in position. The orbit length is 10.5–10.6% of neurocranium length.

The bones of the cranium and visceral skeleton lack any traces of superficial ridges or tubercles. The neurocranium is long, narrow, and wedge-shaped. The orbito-rostral part of the neurocranium is 5.7–6.2 times longer than the cranial part. The shapes and borders of cranial bones are mostly unclear. The skull roof is formed mainly by the frontals, which are the longest cranial bones. They are thin and tightly joined to each other. The lateral edges of the frontal do not form any prominent projections above the orbit, and bear weak porous sculpture (ZIN 311p; Fig. 3D). The frontals are prolonged anteriorly, significantly anterior to the anterior palatine tooth, forming a sharp rostrum. The anterior end of the frontals bears a sharply pointed antero-ventral projection, (Figs. 2, 3). Any traces of other snout ossifications, which could be a part of the rostrum, are not recognizable.

A prominent knob is located on the ventral surface of the neurocranium ahead the midpoint of its length (Figs. 3, 4). This knob, apparently, represents the vomerine head. Its edge is serrated, and it sometimes bears 1–3 small teeth (ZIN 311p, 313p, 314p; Fig. 3B–D). “Vomerine” teeth are conical, sharp and of moderate size (longer than premaxillary teeth but shorter than dentary teeth). The base of these teeth is not ossified posteriorly (Fig. 4B). Thus, they can be considered as depressible teeth of the third or fourth type (Fink 1981).

At the posterior part of the neurocranium of specimens ZIN 311p and ZIN 312p there are paired triangular elements, extending posteriorly and close together. Probably, they are the parietals, which were displaced from their true position (Figs. 2, 3). The parasphenoid is thin and slightly curved ventrally under the anterior margin of the orbit (Fig. 3D). Other bones of the neurocranium are indistinguishable on the studied specimens.

The joint of the lower jaw is located posterior to the orbit. The boundaries of the lower jaw bones are not distinguishable. The lower jaw is thin and very long, approximately 15–20 times as long as its greatest height at the coronoid process. Usually, the mandible is significantly shorter than the head; its anterior edge reaches slightly anterior to the “vomerine” knob (Fig. 3A–D) and its length is 59.5–73.0% of the neurocranium length. However, in ZIN 310p the mandible almost reaches the anterior end of the snout, and its length is about 91.9% of the neurocranium length. The mandible length, expressed as the distance between the four anterior palatine teeth, is between 3.2 and 3.9, except for ZIN 310p in which this proportion equals 4.9. A spur-like process on the posterior edge of the mandible, arising, probably, from the retroarticular, can be seen in the best-preserved specimen (ZIN 314p, Fig. 4). The anteriormost parts of the dentary are thin, medially jointed, without teeth, and bearing porous sculpture on their surface. They gradually narrow anteriorly and form pointed projections. The lower jaw teeth are sharp, thin, and straight, of the first type (Fink 1981). They appear to be arranged in one row, in a position perpendicular to the mandible, or sometimes slightly inclined posteriorly. The tooth crowns are flattened laterally, with two sharp cutting edges. The tallest teeth are located at the anterior one third of the tooth row; anteriorly and posteriorly from this area tooth height is gradually reduced (Fig. 4B).

The premaxilla and maxilla are long and thin, very closely adjacent to each other, so that the border between them is often indistinguishable. Ascending and articular processes of the premaxilla are, apparently, absent. The anterior edge of the premaxilla is thin, pointed, without premaxillary fenestra, and placed considerably far behind the anterior end of the snout. In most of the specimens, the anterior parts of the premaxillae are visible above the skull slightly ahead of the “vomerine” knob (Figs. 2, 3). The posterior edge of the upper jaw (joined maxilla and premaxilla) is slightly expanded and placed behind the orbit, above the mandible joint (Fig. 3A, C, D). Along almost its entire length the premaxilla bears sharp, slender, and small teeth (the smallest among the mouth gape teeth), arranged, apparently, in one row (Fig. 4B). The height of the upper jaw teeth usually did not exceed the height of the premaxilla, but in ZIN 310p these teeth are taller than the thickness of the premaxilla (Fig. 3E). The maxilla is excluded from the mouth and is toothless. Supramaxillae are, apparently, absent.

The suspensorium is not much inclined, being roughly perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the neurocranium. Of the suspensorium, the ventral part of a fan-shaped quadrate can be recognized in the most specimens. The posterior part of the hyomandibula, bearing the prominent opercular process, and the flat triangular metapterygoid are discernible in ZIN 311p (Fig. 3D). The ectopterygoids are preserved on most specimens. They are toothless, flat, and elongated bones, inclined posteriorly, where they are connected to the entire anterior edge of the quadrate (Fig. 3A, D). The entopterygoids are not discernible. There are no traces of entopterygoid teeth. The palatines are more than twice as long as the longest palatine tooth. These bones are tightly adjoined to the ventral surface of the neurocranium, and, therefore, their outlines are hard to define. The posterior end of the palatine is slightly inclined posteroventrally, and loosely attached to the ectopterygoid, such that the bones are disconnected in most skeletons studied (Fig. 3). Along the ventral margin of palatines, there is a united (from the left and right bones) row of five to seven enormously large, saber-like teeth. The second and third, or the second to fourth teeth are the largest (Table 1). The length of the largest palatine tooth is 1.1–1.3 times of the orbit length. The shortest teeth are placed caudally. All palatine teeth are flat, laterally compressed, slightly curved and inclined anteriorly, with two (anterior and posterior) smooth, sharp cutting edges on their crowns. The tips of the crowns of most of the palatine teeth are slightly expanded and lanceolate (Fig. 4B). These teeth are fully ankylosed to the bone (type 1 tooth attachment sensu Fink 1981). Tooth bases are fully mineralized, proximally expanded, and sculptured with short vertical ridges and grooves. Six partially ossified replacement palatine teeth are seen under the neurocranium of ZIN 314p (Figs. 2E, 4B).

The bones of the opercular series are mostly lost. In ZIN 312p, 313p, and 314p a small winged bone, probably the opercle, is present. This bone is characterized by long and slender anterior part (articular process), and a wide posterior part, divided in larger upper and smaller lower lobes (Fig. 3A–C). The bones of the gill arches are fragmented and largely incomplete. Jointed ceratohyal and epihyal form a thin rod placed postero-ventral to the mandible in ZIN 314p (Fig. 4B). The border between these bones is indiscernible. At least 9 needle-like branchiostegal rays are placed around these bones; 7 of them seem to be attached to this structure. About a dozen unidentifiable branchial bones are seen ventral to the opercle of the same specimen (Fig. 4B). Among them, 6 bones bear at least 1 row of small, conical, slightly curved teeth, which may be modified gill rakers.

The elements of the postcranial skeleton are only partially preserved in the specimens studied. The caudal vertebrae, anal and caudal fins are completely lost. Nineteen abdominal vertebrae are preserved in ZIN 312p, 31 in ZIN 311р, 48 in ZIN 310p, and 63 in ZIN 314p. The first abdominal centrum cannot be discerned. Abdominal vertebral centra are symmetrical and moderately elongated. The height of each centrum is approximately three times less than the length. The neural arches are fused with the centra and closed, with a prominent neural spine. The neural spines are gradually elongated posteriorly; their length is up to three times more than the centrum length. Neural arches are perforated by several (2–5) roundish openings; the largest of them is located directly behind the base of a neural spine (Fig. 5A). All vertebrae have triangular parapophyses, also slightly elongated posteriorly. Triangular pre- and postzygapophyses are discernible on some vertebrae. Vertebral centra are ornamented by 4–6 longitudinal striae. In addition, a prominent vertical crest extends from the dorsal edge of a parapophysis to the base of the neural spine on the lateral surface of the centrum.

Ribs and intermuscular bones are preserved in specimens ZIN 312p and ZIN 314p. They are well ossified and numerous. Postmortem distortions prevent separation of the ribs and intermusculars into series. Some intermusculars are clearly branched, whereas others are not (Figs. 4A, 5B). The length of the largest intermusculars corresponds to the length of 4 or 5 abdominal centra. Apparently, there are no supraneurals.

The dorsal fin has a long and, evidently, continuous base. The dorsal pterygiophores and rays start immediately posterior to the head (ZIN 312p and ZIN 314p), and extend continuously to the end of the specimen ZIN 314p (Fig. 4A). The dorsal rays are long, segmented, and unbranched. The height of the longest dorsal rays corresponds to the length of 4 vertebrae. The lateral halves of a ray are loosely attached to each other (Fig. 5B). The dorsal fin is supported by proximal, medial and distal pterygiophores. The proximal pterygiophore is straight, rhabdoid, tapered proximally, and with a triangular distal expansion. The medial pterygiophore is shorter, rhabdoid, and constricted in the middle. The distal pterygiophore is a small round ossification at the ray base (Fig. 5B).

The pectoral fin is comparatively small, short, and narrow (Fig. 4). It is placed immediately posterior to the head and, apparently, close to the ventral edge of the body. There are about 13 segmented and unbranched pectoral rays. Among bones of the pectoral girdle, fragments of cleithrum, scapula, and also 3 radials are discernible in ZIN 314p (Fig. 4B). The scapular foramen is elliptical and enclosed in the scapula. The remains of the pectoral girdle of ZIN 310p (part of the cleithrum connected with the scapula), and one pectoral ray occupy the same position―posterior and ventral to the head (Fig. 3E).

There are no traces of pelvic fins in any of the specimens examined. Scales are also absent. Specimen ZIN 314p possesses 4 elongated sub-rectangular ossifications around the rostrum, with a shallow groove on their surface (Fig. 4B). These are, apparently, body lateral-line elements, because of their similarity with those of the Recent Anotopterus in shape and size.

Remarks.―The specimens from the Cenozoic of Sakhalin described above undoubtedly belong to the family Polymerichthyidae and to the genus Polymerichthys, because they possess huge, saber-like, inclined anteriorly palatine teeth and a continuous dorsal fin. The combination of these two characters, as far as known, is seen only in Polymerichthys among Teleostei. Although three of five studied specimens have no preserved elements of a dorsal fin, they share all other available characters with those with dorsal fin preserved.

The comparison of material from Sakhalin with the description of P. nagurai (Uyeno, 1967) did not reveal any substantial differences. The structures of the head, of separate bones and of abdominal vertebrae, as well as the features of the dentition in P. nagurai are identical to those in the Sakhalin specimens. Most of the characters diagnostic for this genus and family (Uyeno 1967) are observable in fossils from Sakhalin, and are the same as in P. nagurai, with exception of the structure of the preorbital region, which is significantly shorter in the type specimen.

Reexamination of the holotype reveals that the anterior part of its head before the “vomerine” knob was lost when the matrix was broken off. This is visible also on illustrations in the description (Uyeno 1967: 385, fig. 1, pl. 2). Thus, the anterior part of the head of P. nagurai, apparently, was arranged similarly to that of the fossils from Sakhalin, i.e., with a long, prominent rostrum. Therefore, the restoration of P. nagurai (Uyeno 1967: 388, fig. 3) is incorrect in that the lower jaw was assumed to extend anterior to the snout. In fact, the lower jaw was probably much shorter than the prolonged rostrum.

As in the Sakhalin specimens, the holotype of P. nagurai possesses a ventral “vomerine” knob of the neurocranium, forked intermusculars, and the same shape and sculpture of vertebrae. Polymerichthys sp. from Sakhalin differs from P. nagurai by a greater number of teeth on the palatines: 5–7 vs. 4. Uyeno (1967) had calculated on the holotype three large immovable palatine teeth and nine “depressible” teeth scattered around the ventral margin of neurocranium. Actually, there are four immovable, functional teeth, with the posterior one four times smaller, and eight replacement teeth with unossified bases (Uyeno 1967: 385, fig. 1). There are several comparatively large teeth around the premaxilla of holotype of P. nagurai, depicted in the description (Uyeno 1967: 385, fig. 1). These teeth are comparatively longer than the premaxillary teeth of specimens from Sakhalin. Because these teeth have their tips oriented dorsally, whereas the teeth from the premaxilla should be oriented mostly ventrally, they are, apparently, not premaxillary, but lower jaw teeth, displaced after fish death.

Specimen ZIN 310p differs from other specimens from Sakhalin by its very long lower jaw, which almost reaches the tip of the snout. It is also characterized by more long and slender palatal teeth and more prominent teeth on premaxillae (Fig. 3E, Table 1). Perhaps it represents another species of Polymerichthys. However, it is more likely that these distinctions have other explanations, for example, age variability or, more probably, sexual dimorphism. The question of the taxonomic status of ZIN 310p remains open until discovery of more representative material of fishes of this family.

In general, the specimens from Sakhalin have no essential differences from P. nagurai, and, perhaps, belong to the same species. Because it is impossible to exclude the possibility that several species of Polymerichthys existed, the paucity of available specimens precludes their identification as P. nagurai with confidence.

The lacking of the caudal body parts in all specimens from Sakhalin makes impossible the comparison of the caudal and anal fins structure and total number of vertebrae of these fishes with those in P. nagurae. Therefore, these specimens are described herein in the open nomenclature. The palatine of Polymerichthys sp., described from the Middle Miocene of Italy (Carnevale 2007), definitely belongs to a taxon distinct from the Pacific polymerichthyids. It differs by the greater number of palatine teeth (9 on one bone vs. 4–7 on both left and right bones) and by serrated (vs. smooth) tooth cutting edges (Carnevale 2007).